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Small Animal Surgery > Exam 1 Stuff > Flashcards

Exam 1 Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomy of the cranial cruciate ligament?

A

O: medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur
I: craniomedial aspect of the tibial plateu

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2
Q

Describe what parts are tight in extension and flexion:

A

Cranial medial band: taught in both flexion and extension

Caudo-lateral band: Taught only in extension

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3
Q

What is the function of the cranial cruciate ligament?

A

Prevent hyperextension and internal rotation of stifle joint.

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4
Q

What are the 6 presentations of cranial cruciate injury? Know how each of these present!

A
  1. Insidious onset, mild but chronic lameness
  2. Insidious onset with progressively worsening lameness
  3. Acute onset with improvement followed by worsening lameness
  4. Acute onset with progression and an acute worsening of lameness
  5. Acute non-weight bearing
  6. Completely unable to use back end.
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5
Q

What is the result of long term cruciate injury?

A

Medial buttress, or thickening of the joint capsule on the medial stifle. Will also see joint effusion and osteophytes on an x-ray

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6
Q

What are the two tests for cruciate injury and how do you do them?

A

Cranial drawer test

Tibial thrust test

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7
Q

What would a positive cranial drawer test look like?

A

Any drawer at all is abnormal. Drawer in flexion only = partial tear
Drawer in flexion and extension = total tear

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8
Q

What do the x-rays look like for a CCL injury?

A

There will be joint effusion. want to look at them caudal to cranial with the leg extended and laterally. Caudal joint capsule should tuck into DDF and gastroc; if it does not there is joint effusion.

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9
Q

2 basic types of surgeries done to repair a CCL?

A

Extra capsular
OVer-the-top
FHT; not sure on this one.

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10
Q

What meniscal ligament is usually damaged? What is done with it?

A

Medial one. If it is torn, take it out. If it is in-tact, perform a meniscal release.
This is done in every case

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11
Q

What are the two osteotomies can be done to correct a CCL injury?

A

Tibial plateu leveling osteotomy: neutralizes cranial tibial thrust
Tibial tuberosity advancement: alters forces generated upon the leg by moving the tibial tuberosity forward when the quad pulls down.

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12
Q

What are the 4 grades of luxating patellas?

A

Grade 1: patella manually luxated but spontaneously reduces; no surgery
Grade 2: Most of the time the patella is reduced, but can be manually luxated and stays luxated
Grade 3: Patella is luxated, but can be manually reduced
Grade 4: Patella is luxated and CANNOT be manually reduced

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13
Q

What are the different surgical techniques used to correct Grades 2 & 3 patellar luxations?

A

Wedge resection
Imbrication
Transposition

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14
Q

What is the main cause of patellar luxations?

A

The quadriceps is pulling in such a way that it does not correctly line up with the trochlear groove.
Trochlear groove is also likely too shallow.

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15
Q

What is disc disease? Where does the pain come from?

A

This is degeneration of the disc. It is most common in chondrodytrophoid breeds in dogs 3-9 years old

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16
Q

How do brain tumors present? What is the general prognosis?

A

Present as older dogs having seizures or older cats that are meowing differently or acting weird.
Cats: the prognosis is good if the tumor is isolated
Dogs: not so good. usually hard to get to.

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17
Q

What is the order that an animal will lose their neurologic functions?

A

1st: Proprioception
2nd: Motor
3rd: Superficial/sharp pain
4th: Deep pain; this is the point of no return (functional transection)

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18
Q

What are the nucleus pulpus and annulus fibrosis?

A

Nucleus pulposis: meant to distribute forces around spine. Can become degenerative and suck up water and swell.
Annulus fibrosis: thinner part near the spinal cord.

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19
Q

Where do the femoral and sciatic nerves come from?

A

Femoral: Segments 4 and 5 over disc 3&4
Sciatic: 6-7 over discs 4 and 5

20
Q

What disc case would require your immediate attention?

A

A patient that came in with no deep pain for less than 12 hours; this should be considered an emergency surgery.

21
Q

What is a decompression of a disc referred to?

A

Laminectomy; make a hole in the vertebrae that allows you to extrude the mass.

22
Q

What are the different types of disc disease?

A

Hansen type 1: extrusion of nucleus pulposus. This is quick

Hansen type 2: Protrusion; this is pushing on axons that can permanently damage them and cause their death. Much slower.

23
Q

T/F It is standard of care to take x-rays

A

TRUE

24
Q

What is the main determinant in severity of vertebral fractures?

A

The presence or absence of deep pain caudal to the injury. No deep pain = euthanasia recommended

25
Q

Wobbler’s disease. What’s that all about?

A

Basically a malformation or instability of the cervical vertebrae. Seen in giant breed dogs or horses.

26
Q

What fibers are first affected in Wobbler’s syndrome and why?

A

The fibers going to the caudal limb. They are the thickest and most prone to compression.

27
Q

What is the prognosis for a patient with cervical disc disease?

A

Prognosis is pretty good. The animal will be very painful, but can be corrected surgically.

28
Q

What is caudi equine?

A

This is compression of the caudae nerve roots, usually by disk extrusion.

29
Q

Where would you see pain as a result of caudi equine?

A

In the lumbar area, especially when the animal is lifting their tail.

30
Q

Why is deep pain such an important prognostic?

A

This is polysynaptic, bilateral, and diffuse. So if you have no deep pain, it means there is a functional transection somewhere.

31
Q

What are the Salter fracture types?

A

Type 1: Only involves the physis. Stable except shearing forces.
Type 2: involves the physis and metaphysis
Type 3: involves the physis and epiphysis; this is an articular fracture.
Type 4: involves the physis, epiphysis, and metaphysis. Articular fracture that extends to the metaphysis.
Type 5: Crushing injury that does not show up radiographically. Most severe, may stunt bone growth.

32
Q

Which side of the physis is the resting cell layer on?

A

Epiphyseal side

33
Q

What can cause a radius curvus to form?

A

A Salter 5 type fracture

34
Q

What would be a corrective measure for a Salter 5 fracture?

A

Ulnar ostectomy if the dog is young enough. Could also perform a closing wedge ostectomy.

35
Q

T/F A lot of times for Salter fractures, you can just use small pins to correct them

A

TRUE; they are just working to prevent shear forces

36
Q

What is the root cause of osteochondrosis dessicans? What are three places it can occur? Where would be the best place to have it?

A

This is a defect in endochondral ossification. Usually seen in the elbow, shoulder, or hock. The best place for this to occur would be the shoulder, the other two places are very challenging to repair.

37
Q

How does panosteitis present?

A

Common in young, fast growing dogs. Will have pain on palpation of diaphysis with shifting leg lameness

38
Q

What is the prognosis of panosteitis?

A

Good; treat with NSAIDs and rest and it will usually heal itself.

39
Q

Ununited anconeal process?

A

D: Commonly occurs in German Shepherd dogs

40
Q

T/F Hip or elbow luxations generally only occur in adult animals

A

TRUE; younger animals usually just experience physeal fractures

41
Q

What is true with pelvic fractures?

A

There is almost always something else going on. Evaluate the bladder, distal limb, neurologic, and then look at the pelvis.

42
Q

How do we correct hip luxations? Elbow?

A

Hip: closed and open reductions. Closed is a 2 person job. Pull and rotate. Open is done when you fail at a closed or if they cannot use an Ehmer sling.
Elbow: Extend the limb and push hard on the radial head

43
Q

What direct do ALL elbow luxations occur?

A

Laterally

44
Q

What bandage do you use for elbow luxations? Hip?

A

Spicca coaptation bandage

Ehmer sling

45
Q

What are two ways to correct an acetabular fracture?

A

Trochanteric osteotomy

Femoral head/neck excision

46
Q

If you pinch the medial back toe on a dog, what nerve are you exciting?

A

Femoral nerve. From segments L4&5 over discs 3 & 4

47
Q

If you pinch the lateral back toe on a dog, what nerve are you exciting?

A

Sciatic nerve. From segments L6 - S2 over discs L4 & L5

Small Animal Surgery (2 decks)

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