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Phonetics > Exam 1 Study Questions > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of Phonetics:

The study of a listener’s psychoacoustic response to speech sounds

A

Perceptual Phonetics

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2
Q

Branch of Phonetics:

The study and transcription of speech sound disorders

A

Clinical Phonetics

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3
Q

Branch of Phonetics:

The laboratory study of phonetics

A

Experimental Phonetics

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4
Q

Branch of Phonetics:

The study of the function of the speech organs during the process of speaking

A

Physiological Phonetics

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5
Q

Branch of Phonetics:

The study of sound changes in words through time

A

Historical Phonetics

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6
Q

Branch of Phonetics:

The study of the frequency, intensity and duration of the various consonants and vowels

A

Acoustic Phonetics

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7
Q

Phonetics vs. Phonology

A 
Phonetics= the study of the production and perception of speech sounds
Phonology= the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language; the study of the linguistic rules that specify the manner in which phonemes are organized and combined into syllables, words, and sentences
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8
Q

Why was the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) developed? What does it represent?

A

Designed for consistency in the field of phonetic transcription; represents the perceived sounds of phonemes

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9
Q

Voiced vs. Voiceless

A 
Voiced= vocal folds vibrate, sound is produced (/z/)
Voiceless= no VF vibration, no sound, only air (/s/)
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10
Q

How does IPA transcription practice differ from individual to individual?

A

Different dialects may pronounce the same sound differently

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11
Q

Explain dialects

A

Cultural and regional variations of accent and language
None is inferior to another
Should never be considered a substandard form of language

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12
Q

Define grapheme

A

the smallest unit of written language (essentially letters)

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13
Q

Define primary stress

A

the syllable that carried the most emphasis/vocal force in a word; indicated in IPA by (‘) symbol (ex. ba’NA’na)

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14
Q

Define morpheme

A

the smallest unit of language that carries meaning (can be individual words, prefixes, suffixes, etc)

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15
Q

Free vs. Bound morpheme

A

Free morpheme= morpheme that can stand alone to function as a word
Bound morpheme= carries its own meaning, but must be attached to a free morpheme to function in a word
(Ex. “Books” - ‘book’=free, ‘s’=bound, indication plural)

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16
Q

Define minimal pair

A

pairs of words that differ by only one phoneme

Ex. book & hook; cat & bat

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17
Q

Define syllable

A

unit of pronunciation with only one vowel sound

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18
Q

Open vs Closed syllable

A

Open syllable= contains only one vowel that comes at the end of the syllable (ex. the, she, go,)
Closed syllable= contains only one vowel which is followed by a consonant or consonant cluster (ex. cat, sock, got)

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19
Q

Define nucleus

A

also called a peak, it is the most central part of a syllable; most commonly a vowel (ex. cAt)

20
Q

Define consonant cluster

A

sequence or group of consonants that do not contain a vowel (ex. in “splits,” /spl/ and /ts/)

21
Q

3 Types of phonetic transcription

A
  1. Broad: basic transcription of phonemes
  2. Narrow: a more detailed transcription involving specialized symbols (diacritics) to differentiate between small variations in the same phoneme (allophones)
  3. Impressionistic: variation of narrow transcription used when nothing is known about the particular sound system being transcribed
22
Q

Define diacritics

A

a system of special symbols (such as accents and cedillas) that represent variations in pronunciation

23
Q

Define allophone

A

variant pronunciations in a letter or phoneme

ex. the first /l/ in “little” is light, while the second /l/ is heavier

24
Q

Define larynx

A

hallow, muscular organ that houses the vocal folds; sometimes called the “voice box” and is responsible for the Adam’s apple

25
Q

Define diaphragm

A

major muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities; main muscle used in respiration

26
Q

Define mandible

A

the lower jaw

27
Q

Define maxilla

A

the upper jaw

28
Q

Define labial

A

in reference to lips

29
Q

Define lingual

A

in reference to tongue

30
Q

Define dental

A

in reference to teeth

31
Q

Define vocal folds

A

elastic folds of muscle tissue located in the larynx; vibration of the vocal folds causes voiced sound

32
Q

Define Eustachian tubes

A

a narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear; equalizes changes in pressure and allows drainage of mucus from the middle ear

33
Q

Define alveolar ridge

A

the gum ridge of the maxilla; upper gums

34
Q

Define velum

A

the soft palate; opens and closes to direct airflow between oral and nasal cavities

35
Q

Adduction vs. abduction

A

In reference to vocal folds:

  • adduct= vocal folds come together and close
  • abduct= vocal fold come apart and open
36
Q

Define velopharyngeal closure

A

when velum is raised and contacts back wall of pharynx, closing off nasopharynx from oropharynx

37
Q

Anatomical terms of orientation:

anterior vs posterior, superior vs inferior, prone vs supine

A

A vs P= front vs back
S vs I= above vs below
P vs S= face up vs face down

38
Q

Where does speech production begin?

A

in the lungs

39
Q

Name the 3 alphabet letters not represented in IPA

A

Q, X, and C

40
Q

What causes pitch?

A

the rate (frequency) at which the vocal folds vibrate

41
Q

Define articulation

A

The coming together of articulators to create various speech sounds. Articulators include the teeth/gums, lips, and tongue
Sounds are named after the articulators used to produce them (ex. bilabial= both lips; labio-dental= tongue and teeth)

42
Q

Define phonation

A

the production of vocal sounds due to vocal fold vibration

43
Q

Define subglottal pressure

A

when airstream enters the larynx it exerts pressure on vocal folds from below

44
Q

Define Bernoulli effect

A

the rapid flow of air between vocal folds causes a drop in air pressure, resulting in vocal folds being stuck together; causes the vibrations that produce voiced sound

45
Q

Define fundamental frequency

A

the basic rate at which vocal folds will vibrate to produce sound; highest in children, higher in women than in men

46
Q

Define glottis

A

opening between the vocal folds; airway between mouth and trachea

47
Q

Define hyoid bone

A

the “floating bone;” provides an anchor for the dorsum (tongue)

Phonetics (3 decks)

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