Exam 1- Study Questions Flashcards
What are the four basic tissue of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissue
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast- remodel bone
What is the primary constituent of ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type 1
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
What is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be describe as “living”?
- It has the ability to heal
- to remodel under stressors
- to age
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
mesenchyme or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme ?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to the third month in utero
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the second to fifth month in utero
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification
chondrocranium
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
Sexual dimorphism (gender variation) ontogenic variation (growth or age variation) geographic or population - based variation (ethnic variation) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones sesamoid bones
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal II?
heterotopic and accessory bone
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location ?
heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?
it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone ?
the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
Most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal ethmoid maxilla sphenoid temporal
what is the characteristic of a sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
what are the consistent examples of sesamoid bone
patella and pisiform
what are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart and ligaments
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
elevations
depressions
tunnels or passageways
facets
when do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and after puberty
what are the types of osseous linear elevation?
line
ridge
crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle protuberance trochanter tuber or tuberosity malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
what are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure
groove
sulcus
what are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
fovea and fossa
what are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice
hiatus
what are the names given to the osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
what is the definition of an osseous foramen?
an ostium passing completely though a thin region of bone
what is the definition of an osseous canal?
an ostium passing completely though a thick region of bone
what is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears to be a blind ended passageway?
meatus
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surface of adjacent bones
what are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets
rounded facets
what are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
what bones form the axial skeleton?
skull hyoid vertebral column sternum ribs
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
calvaria or calva
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
neurocranium
facial skeleton (splanchnocrnium or visceral skeleton)
auditory ossicles
what is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
what bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
frontal parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid
how many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
how many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)
14
what is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
what is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
how many bones are present in the typical adult sternum
1 bone
What regions are preset along the typical adult sternum?
manubrium sterni
corpus sterni
xiphoid process
how many ribs are in the typical adult skeleton
12 pairs
24 ribs
what term is used to identify the study of ligament?
syndesmology
what are the three histological classifications of joints?
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial fluid
what are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
what are the examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
what are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joints, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resembles Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapopyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resembles pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
what is the function of the type IV articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
- synovial villi
- articular fat pads or haversian glands
- synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column
lumbar zygapophyses
intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
temporomandibular
sternoclavicular
acromioclaviular
radio-ulnar joints
synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation
cervical zygapophyses
lumbar zygapophyses
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
what is the specific function of type B synovial cells
secrete proteinaceous substance and hyaluronic acid
which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type II
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to volume slowly. a time dependent property
which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies an absorption of lubricant onto cartilage surface is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
boundary theory
what are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and taste salty
which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
hyaluronate
what substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
lubricin
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis) ?
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar
(diarthrosis) condylar
(diarthrosis) ellipsoidal
(diarthrosis sellar) saddle
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis),(diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classification given to given to the same type of joint
what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
what are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
tempomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
what are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metocarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal- phalangeal joints of the foot and the atalanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talpcrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
what are examples of diarthrosis enarthrosis joints?
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
What is the number of vertebrae in typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
what constitutes the spine?
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
the ant bear and three-toed sloth
which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
the manatee and the two-toed sloth
what does the term “cervical” refer to?
the region of the neck
what does the term “thoracic” refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
what does the term “lumbar” refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
what does the term “sacrum” refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
what does the term “coccyx” refer to?
a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
what is the length of a typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
what is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
what is the length differences between a typical male and typical female spinal column ?
about 3 inches
what is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
what is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
what is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements) ?
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches
what is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements) ?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements) ?
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches