Exam 1- Study Questions Flashcards
What are the four basic tissue of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissue
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblast- form bone
osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast- remodel bone
What is the primary constituent of ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type 1
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
What is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be describe as “living”?
- It has the ability to heal
- to remodel under stressors
- to age
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
mesenchyme or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme ?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to the third month in utero
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the second to fifth month in utero
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification
chondrocranium
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
Sexual dimorphism (gender variation) ontogenic variation (growth or age variation) geographic or population - based variation (ethnic variation) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones sesamoid bones
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal II?
heterotopic and accessory bone
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location ?
heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?
it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone ?
the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
Most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal ethmoid maxilla sphenoid temporal
what is the characteristic of a sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
what are the consistent examples of sesamoid bone
patella and pisiform
what are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart and ligaments
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
elevations
depressions
tunnels or passageways
facets
when do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and after puberty
what are the types of osseous linear elevation?
line
ridge
crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle protuberance trochanter tuber or tuberosity malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
what are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure
groove
sulcus
what are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
fovea and fossa
what are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice
hiatus
what are the names given to the osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
what is the definition of an osseous foramen?
an ostium passing completely though a thin region of bone
what is the definition of an osseous canal?
an ostium passing completely though a thick region of bone
what is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears to be a blind ended passageway?
meatus
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surface of adjacent bones
what are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets
rounded facets
what are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
what bones form the axial skeleton?
skull hyoid vertebral column sternum ribs
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
calvaria or calva
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
neurocranium
facial skeleton (splanchnocrnium or visceral skeleton)
auditory ossicles
what is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
what bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
frontal parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid
how many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
how many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)
14
what is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
what is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
how many bones are present in the typical adult sternum
1 bone
What regions are preset along the typical adult sternum?
manubrium sterni
corpus sterni
xiphoid process
how many ribs are in the typical adult skeleton
12 pairs
24 ribs
what term is used to identify the study of ligament?
syndesmology
what are the three histological classifications of joints?
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial fluid
what are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
what are the examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
what are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joints, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resembles Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapopyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resembles pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
what is the function of the type IV articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
- synovial villi
- articular fat pads or haversian glands
- synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column
lumbar zygapophyses
intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
temporomandibular
sternoclavicular
acromioclaviular
radio-ulnar joints
synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation
cervical zygapophyses
lumbar zygapophyses
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
what is the specific function of type B synovial cells
secrete proteinaceous substance and hyaluronic acid
which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type II
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to volume slowly. a time dependent property
which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies an absorption of lubricant onto cartilage surface is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
boundary theory
what are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and taste salty
which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
hyaluronate
what substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
lubricin
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis) ?
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar
(diarthrosis) condylar
(diarthrosis) ellipsoidal
(diarthrosis sellar) saddle
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis),(diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classification given to given to the same type of joint
what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
what are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
tempomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
what are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metocarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal- phalangeal joints of the foot and the atalanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talpcrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
what are examples of diarthrosis enarthrosis joints?
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
What is the number of vertebrae in typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
what constitutes the spine?
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
the ant bear and three-toed sloth
which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
the manatee and the two-toed sloth
what does the term “cervical” refer to?
the region of the neck
what does the term “thoracic” refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
what does the term “lumbar” refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
what does the term “sacrum” refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
what does the term “coccyx” refer to?
a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
what is the length of a typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
what is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
what is the length differences between a typical male and typical female spinal column ?
about 3 inches
what is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
what is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
what is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements) ?
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches
what is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements) ?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements) ?
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches
how does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
what levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
what is specifically responsible for the shape and position of the human frame?
comparative anterior vs posterior height on the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs posterior height of the intervertebral disc
what organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
invagination of the ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
notochord
what is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
paraxial mesoderm
name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
sclerotome
myotome
dermatome
what are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
membranous
cartilaginous
skeletal or osseous
migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
the perichordal blastema
the perichordal blastema gives rise to what process?
neural process and costal processes
what is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
intersegmental artery
what forms between the sclerotomites of perichordal blastema?
intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von ebner)
the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?
the perichordal disc
the union of dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastemae gives rise to what feature?
the vertebral blastema
what vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
the segmental artery
when will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
beginning in the 6th embryonic week
what is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
chondrification
how many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral bastema?
six
(2 for the centrum)
(2for the neural arches)
(2 for each transverse process)
what is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?
during the 7th embryonic week
what is the name given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers appear in utero
secondary centers appear after birth
what is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification of typical vertebra?
3 primary centers
5 secondary centers
what are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
centrum centers and neural arches
what are the names/locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for typical vertebra?
tip of the transverse process
tip of the spinous process
epiphyseal plate centers
what is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of typical vertebra?
during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old
what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
cervical-rectangular
thoracic- triangular
lumbar- reniform
what is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal rim
inferior epiphyseal rim
what is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular process attached?
the lamina - pedicle junction
what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
cervical- posterolateral
thoracic- posterior, slight lateral
lumbar- posterior
what ligament will attach to the lamina?
the ligamentum flavum
what is the name given to the abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum ?
para-articular process
what classification of bone will para-articular process represent?
accessory bone
what is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
shingling
what is the name given to the lamia-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
cervical- articular pillar
thoracic and lumbar- pars interarticularis
what is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch- spinous process on lateral X-ray?
spinolaminar junction
what is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical- anterolateral
thoracic- posterolateral
lumbar- lateral
all non- rib bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
the costal element
what will cause the transverse process/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverses process to accommodate their new position
what will the articular process/ articular apophysis support?
the articular facet
what is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of the vertebral couple?
zygapophysis
what will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process/ post- zygapophysis
the superior articular process/ pre- zygapophysis
the capsular ligament
the ligamentum flavum
what will form the superior boundary of typical intervertebral foramen?
inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
what will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
what will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of the segment above
the vertebral body of the segment below
the intervertebral disc
posterior longitudinal ligament
what is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis?
calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
what is the name given to the normal overlap of the spinous process or spinous apopyses as seen on X-ray?
imbrication
what is the orientation of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical- slight angle inferiorly
thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
lumbar- no inferior angle
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
cervical- triangular
thoracic- oval
lumbar-triangular
sacrum- triangular
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate ?
L1
At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?
S2
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
the verterbral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
the deep cervical artery, superior (highest) intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine
the lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle ) sacral artery
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
What are the segmental arteries of the sacrum?
iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?
C1-C6
What segmental levels are supplies by the ascending cervical artery?
C1-C6
What segmental levels are supplies by the deep cervical artery?
C7-T1
What segmental levels are supplied by the superior (highest) intercostal artery?
T1,T2
What segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?
T3-T11
What segmental level(s) is/are supplied by the subcostal artery ?
T12
What segmental levels are supplies by the lumbar arteries?
L1-L4
What segmental levels are supplied by median (middle) sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
Which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?
L5
What are the segmental arteries for L5?
iliolumbar artery, median (middle) artery, and lateral sacral artery
What branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and the paravertebral region?
dorsospinal artery
Which artery is primarily observed in the distal part of the intervertebral foramen?
spinal artery
Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter the subarachnoid space?
spinal artery
What are the branches of the spinal artery ?
osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery, anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?
osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery , posterior spinal canal artery
what arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Which brances of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?
anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior ,medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery
Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
anterior radicular artery
which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets nerve root, and nerve root ganglion?
posterior radicular artery
What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
what is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
anterior spinal artery
the anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
vertebral artery
is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
no
as the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
anterior medullary feeder arteries
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery ?
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative spinal cord?
it lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
Is the posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
no
as the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
posterior medullary feeder arteries
What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
What are the arterial vasa corona below C6?
a median anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries
What changes to the arterial vasa corona occur between C3 and C6?
right and left anterior spinal arteries fuse to become a single median anterior spinal artery, the right and left posterior spinal arteries are unchanged, and the 4 communicating arteries are reduced to 3 communicating arteries
What is the generic name given to the arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?
intramedullary arteries
What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?
pial perforating arteries, central/ ventral/ sulcal perforating arteries
What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
ventral/central/ sulcal perforating arteries
what intramedullary branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?
pial perforating arteries
What is the source of the pial perforating arteries ?
the pial plexus
what is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
what vessels drain the spinal cord?
pial veins
What will pial veins drain into?
venous vasa corona
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona ?
right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins
What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
posterior radicular veins
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
What venous vessels are identified in the interior vertebral foramen?
intervertebral veins
identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis) ?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
interstitial fluid
Which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space, not an actual space?
subdural space- between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
hoffman/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural spaces?
serous fluid
what is the name given to the fluid with the subarachnoid space?
cerebrospinal fluid
What is the name given to the lateral extension of the pia mater along the spinal cord?
dentate ( denticulate) ligament
what is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?
they lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
In horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest?
transverse
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
C3-T1, the cervical enlargement
T9-T12 the lumbar (lumbosacral) emlargement
where is the greater transverse diameter of the spinal cord?
C6
What is the generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement ?
L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra
L3,L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra
L5,S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra
S2,S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
What spinal nerve originate from the conus medullaris?
typically S4, S5, and Co1
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1 ?
cauda equina
what is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called ?
filum terminale internum
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?
typically S2, the dural cul de sac
Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale ?
proximal part of the filum terminale internum
what is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?
it joins the peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerve as high as L3 and as low as S4
What does the neural tissue asssociated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate?
lower limbs and the external anal sphincter
The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram ?
cruciate anastomosis
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2 ?
filum terminale externum
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
coccygeal medullary vestige
What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened ?
tethered cord syndrome
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?
it is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number , rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen ?
the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
ant bear, three-toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
two-toed sloth, manatee
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
seven segments
Which vertebra are typical cervicals?
C3-C6
Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
C1, C2, C7
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
rectangular
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
posterior or kyphotic
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
the intervertebral disc height
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve ?
anterior or lordotic
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height ?
C5/C6
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
it diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical ?
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
uncinate process, uniform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
At what development age will the uncinate process first be observed?
3rd-4th fetal month
What are the modifications of the inferior epophyseal rim of the typical cervical ?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral groves
What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?
lateral groove or enchancrure
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior groove articulation?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation ?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
five
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical ?
ten
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
What does the recent literature suggest as to the nature of the joint of Luschka?
the joint is representation of the intervertebral disc aging, which results in loss of lamellar integrity near the joint
What is the functional significance of the joint Luschka?
it appears to stabalize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion- extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body ?
the longus colli muscles
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of the typical cervical ?
posterolateral , 45 degrees
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach ?
to the side and in the center of the vertebral body
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ____?
C6
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at with typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
List, in order , the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body ?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra ?
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
What muscles may attach tot he posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
splenius cervicis, intercostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis , levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene , rotators and posterior intertransversarii
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
sulcus for the vertebral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane) , 15 degrees inferiority to (form the horizontal plane)
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
the common carotid artery
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What ligaments form the anterior boundaries of the spinal canal?
Membrane tectoria
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal
What ligaments form the posterior boundaries of the spinal canal?
Posterio Atlanta-occipital
Posterior Atlanta-axial
Ligamentum flavum
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal
