Exam 1 Study Guide Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of a mineral?
A
- homogenous solid
-highly ordered atomic arrangement - definite chemical composition (not fixed)
- naturally occurring
- usually formed inorganically
2
Q
What are the 12 classes of Dana’s System of Mineralogy? (PS oxides are split into two types)
A
- Native elements
- Sulfides
- Sulfosalts
4a. Simple & Multiple Oxides
4b. Hydroxides - Halides
- Carbonates
- Nitrates
- Borates
- Phosphates
- Sulfates
- Tungstate
- Silicates
3
Q
What does mineral class division depend on?
A
dominant anion or anionic group
4
Q
Which minerals are in the native element division?
A
- gold
- silver
- copper
- diamond
- sulfur
5
Q
Which minerals are in the sulfide division?
A
- pyrite
- galena
- pyrrhotite (purr hottie)
- chalcopyrite (chal copyright)
Acronym: PGPC (pig PC?)
6
Q
Which mineral is in the sulfosalt division?
A
tetrahedrite
7
Q
Which minerals are in the simple and multiple oxide division?
A
- hematite
- rutile
- spinel
- periclase
- quartz
8
Q
Which minerals are in the hydroxide division?
A
- brucite
- bauxite
- goethite
Acronym: BBG (baby girl)
9
Q
Which minerals are in the halide division?
A
- Fluorite
- Sylvite
- Halite
Acronym: FSH (fish)
10
Q
Which minerals are in the carbonate division?
A
- calcite
- aragonite
- dolomite
Acronym: CAD (computer-aided design)
11
Q
Which minerals are in the nitrate division?
A
- nitratite
- niter (saltpeter)
12
Q
Which minerals are in the borate division?
A
- borax
- ulexite
13
Q
Which minerals are in the phosphate division?
A
- wavellite
- apatite
- turquoise
- monazite
14
Q
Which minerals are in the sulfate division?
A
- gypsum
- anhydrite
- barite
- celestite
15
Q
Which minerals are in the tungstate division?
A
- scheelite
- wolframite
TIP: she-wolf
16
Q
Which minerals are in the silicate division?
A
- quartz
- olivine
- mica
- amphibole
- pyroxene
- garnet
17
Q
What are the seven crystal systems?
A
- isometric/cubic
- orthorhombic
- monoclinic
- triclinic
- hexagonal
- tetragonal
- trigonal/rhombohedral
18
Q
State the characteristics of the isometric/cubic crystal system.
A
- x, y, and z are equal in length
- they are 90 degrees/ perpendicular to each other
19
Q
What does the symmetry look like for an isometric/cubic crystal system?
A
4 three-fold axes
20
Q
State the characteristics of the orthorhombic crystal system.
A
- x, y, and z are not equal in length
- they are 90 degrees/ perpendicular to each other
21
Q
What does the symmetry look like for an orthorhombic crystal system?
A
3 two-fold axes at 90 degrees
22
Q
State the characteristics of the monoclinic crystal system.
A
- x, y, and z are not equal in length
- x and z are at 90 degrees (y is not)
- 3 unequal axes
- 2 are inclined toward each other at an oblique angle and the other stands perpendicular to their plane
23
Q
What does the symmetry look like for the monoclinic crystal system?
A
1 two-fold axis (mirror plane)
24
Q
State the characteristics of the triclinic crystal system.
A
- x, y, and z are not equal in length & are not 90 degrees from each other
- 3 unequal axes
- intersect at oblique angles
25
What does the symmetry look like for the triclinic crystal system?
it does not have any symmetry
26
State the characteristics of the hexagonal crystal system.
- x, y, and z are equal in length (but not w)
- 3 equal horizontal axes that intersect at angles of 120 degrees
- w is perpendicular to the x, y, and z plane (90 degrees)
27
What does the symmetry look like for the hexagonal crystal system?
1 six-fold axis
28
State the characteristics of the tetragonal crystal system.
- x and y (horizontal axes) are equal in length (but not z)
- axes are perpendicular
29
What does the symmetry look like for the tetragonal crystal system?
1 four-fold axis
30
State the characteristics of the trigonal/rhombohedral crystal system.
- x, y, and z axes are of equal length
- 120 for horizontal axes
- 90 for horizontal with vertical
- none are perpendicular to each other
31
What does the symmetry look like for the trigonal/rhombohedral crystal system?
1 three-fold axis
32
What are the four bonds types in minerals?
1. ionic
2. covalent
3. metallic
4. Van der Waals
33
What an ionic bond?
electron move between atoms creating oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other
34
What is the relative strength of ionic bonds?
- behind covalent
- strong
35
What are the general chemical and physical properties of ionic bonds?
- poor electric conductor as a solid
- good electric conductor as a molten or when dissolved
- balanced
- high melting point
- brittle
- cleaves along weak planes
36
Which minerals have ionic bonds?
halite (NaCl), fluorite (CaF2), silicates
37
What is a covalent bond?
atoms share electrons
38
What is the relative strength of covalent bonds?
they are the strongest
39
What are the general chemical and physical properties of covalent bonds?
- directional bonds
- linear structure
- tough
- hard
- high melting point
- poor electric conductors (except for graphite)
- brittle
- resistant to cleavage
40
Which minerals have covalent bonds?
diamonds, quartz (SiO2)
41
What are metallic bonds?
- electrons traveling along paths around a metal atom nucleus
- cloud of valence electrons in a sea of positively charged ions
42
What is the relative strength of metallic bonds?
Weak, but before van der Waals
43
What are the general physical and chemical properties of metallic bonds?
- good electric/thermal conductors
- malleable
- ductile (can be turned into a wire)
44
Which minerals have metallic bonds?
copper Cu, gold Au
45
What are van der Waals bonds?
neutral molecules that could be held together by a weak electrical force (electron segregation) (weak dipole attraction)
46
What is the relative strength of van der Waals forces?
weakest
47
What are the general chemical and physical properties of van de Waals bonds?
- soft
- easily cleaved
- plastic
- low melting point
- insulators in liquid and solid states
- poor electric conductors (except when traveling along planes of layered structures)
48
What are anionic complexes?
metal atoms surrounded by nonmetal atoms with a net negative charge
49
Which silicate groups have anionic complexes?
1. carbonates
2. Phosphates
3. Sulfates
4. Nitrates
50
What is an example of a carbonate that has an anionic complex? what is the chemical composition of a carbonate? what is its residual/net charge?
calcite CaCO3
CO3^2-
-2
51
What is an example of a phosphate that has an anionic complex? what is the chemical composition of a phosphate? What is its residual charge?
turquoise
PO4^3-
-3
52
What is an example of a sulfate that has an anionic complex? What is the chemical composition of a sulfate? What is its residual charge?
gypsum
SO4^2-
-2
53
What is an example of a nitrate that has an anionic complex? what is the chemical composition of a nitrate? what is its residual charge?
niter
NO3^2-
-2
54
What mineral group does the chemical formula (Fe, Mg)2SiO4 belong to?
Olivine Nesosilicate/Orthosilicate
55
What do nesosilicates/orthosilicates look like?
pyramid (tetrahedra)
56
What is the Si:O ratio for nesosilicates/orthosilicates?
1:4
57
What is the unit composition/generalized chemical formula for nesosilicates/orthosilicates?
SiO4^4-
58
How many oxygens do nesosilicates share?
zero
59
What mineral group does the chemical formula Al2SiO5 belong to?
andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite polymorphs
60
What does sorosilicate look like?
dumbbell pyramids
61
What is the Si:O ratio of sorosilicate?
2:7
62
What is the unit composition/generalized chemical formula for sorosilicate?
Si2O7^6-
63
How many oxygens do sorosilicate share?
One
64
What mineral group does the chemical formula Zn4Si2O7(OH)2・H2O belong to?
hemimorphite sorosilicate
65
What mineral group does the chemical formula CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2・H2O belong to?
lawsonite sorosilicate
66
What do cyclosilicates look like?
ring of pyramids
67
What is the Si:O ratio of cyclosilicates?
1:3
68
What is the unit composition/general chemical formula of cyclosilicates?
Si6O18^12-
69
What mineral group does Be3Al2Si6O18 belong to?
aquamarine/beryl cyclosilicate
70
What does a single chain inosilicate look like?
string of tetrahedra
71
What is the Si:O ratio of single-chain inosilicates?
1:3
72
What is the unit composition/general chemical formula for single-chain inosilicates?
Si2O6^4-
73
What mineral group does MgSiO3 belong to?
pyroxene single-chain inosilicate
74
What mineral group does CaSiO3 belong to?
Wollastonite single-chain inosilicate?
75
What mineral group does MgCaSi2O6 belong to?
Diopside single-chain inosilicate
76
What does a double chain inosilicate look like?
two strings of tetrahedra touching opposite bits
77
What is the Si:O ratio of double-chain inosilicate?
4:11
78
What is the unit composition/general chemical formula for double-chain inosilicate?
Si4O11^6-
79
How many oxygens does double-chain inosilicate share?
Two
80
What mineral group does Mg7Si8O22 belong to?
amphibole
81
What is an example of a double-chain inosilicate?
hornblende
82
What do phyllosilicates look like?
two attached rings with two dumbbells at the top and bottom
83
What is the Si:O ratio of phylosilicate?
2:5
84
What is the unit composition/ general chemical formula of a phyllosilicate?
Si2O5^2-
85
How many oxygens do phyllosilicate share?
Three
86
What mineral group does KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
mica phylosilicate
87
What mineral group does Al2Si2O5(OH)4 belong to?
Kaolinite phylosilicate
88
What does a tectosilicate look like?
funky
two triangles with tetrahedra at each corner
89
What is the Si:O ratio of a tectosilicate?
1:2
90
What is the unit composition/general chemical formula for a tectosilicate?
SiO4^4-
91
How many oxygens do tectosilicates share?
Four
92
What mineral group does SiO2 belong to?
quart tectosilicate
93
what mineral group does KAlSi3O8 belong to?
potassium feldspar tectosilicate
94
What mineral group does (Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca)CO3 belong to?
granite tectosilicate
95
