Exam 1 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Element

A

o The entities on which data are collect

o Ex. The restaurant

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2
Q

Variable

A

o A characteristic of interest for the elements

o Ex. Sandwiches, salads, soups, etc.

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3
Q

Observation

A

o The set of measurements obtained for a particular element

o Ex. Burger King: chicken sandwich, side salad, potato soup (1 observation)

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4
Q

Categorical Data

A

 Data that can be grouped by specific categories

 Use either the nominal or ordinal scale of measurement

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5
Q

Quantitative Data

A

 Data that use numeric values to indicate how much or how many
 Use either the interval or ratio scale of measurement

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6
Q

Nominal

A

 Labels or names that are used to identify an attribute of the element
 Ex. Ford Motor Company, US, Purple

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7
Q

Ordinal

A

 Exhibit the property of nominal data but ranking is meaningful
 Ex. AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B, CCC, CC, C, etc.

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8
Q

Interval

A

 If the data have all the properties of ordinal data and the interval between values is expressed in terms of a fixed unit of measure
 Always numeric
 Ex. SAT scores

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9
Q

Ratio

A

 The data have all of the properties of interval data and the ratio of the two values is meaningful
 Requires that a zero value be included to show that nothing exists for the variable at that point
 Ex. Distance, height, weight, time

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10
Q

Sample

A

the smaller group of elements in a particular study; a subset of the population

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11
Q

Population

A

the larger group of elements in a particular study; all of the elements in a particular study

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12
Q

Data Size

A

The number of individual organisms in a sample

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13
Q

Population Size

A

The number of individual organisms in a population

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14
Q

Sample “Statistic”

A

Any quantity that you derive from a sample taken from a population with the intention of using this quantity to estimate same but unknown parts of the population

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15
Q

Population “Parameter”

A

A numeric value that represents the population

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16
Q

Dot Plot

A

 A statistical chart consisting of data points plotted on a fairly simple scaled

17
Q

Histogram

A

 An accurate representation of the distribution of numerical data

18
Q

Stem-and-Leaf Display

A

 A graphical display used to show simultaneously the rank order and shape of a distribution of data

19
Q

Ogive

A

 A cumulative frequency graph

20
Q

Pie Chart

A

 Provides another graphical display for presenting relative frequency and percent frequency distributions for categorical data

21
Q

Cross Tabulation

A

 A tabular summary of data for two variables

22
Q

Pivot Table

A

 Can be used to summarize the data for two or more variables simultaneously

23
Q

Scatter Diagram/Trendline

A

 Scatter Diagram: a graphical display of the relationship between two quantitative variables
 Trendline: a line that provides an approximation of the relationship

24
Q

Bar Chart

A

 A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width

25
Q

Mean

A
o	Average value
o	The most important measure of location
o	The central location of data
o	Sample = bar over x
o	Population = Greek letter u
o	Excel: =AVERAGE(a1:12)
26
Q

Median

A

o The value in the middle when the data are arranged in ascending order
o Excel:=MEDIAN(a1:a12)

27
Q

Mode

A

o The value that occurs with greatest frequency
o Excel: =MODE.SNGL(a1:a12)
o Excel: = MODE.MULT(a1:a12) (Fancy Formula)

28
Q

Quartiles 1, 2, and 3

A

o Dividing a data set into four parts with each part containing approximately 25% of the observations
o 1st is 25%, 2nd is 50%, 3rd is 75%
o Excel: =QUARTILE.EXC(a1:a21,1)

29
Q

Percentiles

A

o Provides information about how the data are spread over the interval from the largest value to the smallest value
o Excel: =PERCENTILE.EXC(a1:a21)

30
Q

Range

A

o The simplest measure of variability

o Largest value – smallest value

31
Q

Interquartile Range

A

o A measure of variability that overcomes dependency on extreme values
o Q3 – Q1

32
Q

Varience

A

o A measure of variability that utilizes all the data
o The difference between the value of each observation and the mean
o Excel: VAR.S(a1:a21)

33
Q

Standard Deviation

A

o The positive square root of the variance

o Excel: STDEV.S(a1:a21)

34
Q

Coefficient of Variation

A

o How large the standard deviation is relative to the mean
o Usually expressed as a percentage
o Excel: (standard deviation/mean x 100)%