Exam #1 Study Guide

Question 1

Different ways in which anatomy can be studied ?

Answer 1

With a naked eye or microscope

Question 2

Structural organization of the human body? ( atoms to the organism )

Answer 2

Atom, molecule, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system , organism.

Question 3

Anatomical position ?

Answer 3

Meaning : Description of any region on part of body in a specific stance.

Describe : The body is upright directly facing the observer with flat feet and directed forward.

Question 4

Differences between anatomy and physiology ?

Answer 4

Anatomy : Study of body part structure

Physiology : Study of functions and relationships of body parts

Question 5

Directional terminology

Answer 5

Superior inferior anterior ventral posterior dorsal medial lateral intermediate proximal distal superficial deep

Anterior vs. posterior

Medial vs. lateral

Proximal vs. distal

Question 6

Requirements for survival?

Answer 6

Air
Water
Food
Sanitation

Question 7

Difference between negative and positive feed back systems ? How they work?

Answer 7

Positive : The output enhances the original stimulus.

Negative : The output reduces the original effect of the stimulus or changes back to original state.

Question 8

Different body planes and how they are used to study anatomy?

Answer 8

Midsagittal ( median )

Frontal ( coronal )

Transverse ( horizontal )

They break the body into particular sections making it easier to view and examine a particular region or body part, organ, et.

Question 9

Dorsal and Ventral body cavities?

Answer 9

Dorsal : Cranial cavity , vertebral cavity

Ventral : Thoracic cavity, diaphragm, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

Question 10

Similarities and differences between acids , bases, and salts?

Answer 10

Similarities : all electrolytes which means a solution of a given substance will conduct electricity.

Differences : acids have low pH levels, bases have high pH levels, salts are neutral.

Question 11

What the pH scale measures ?

Answer 11

Measures the amount of H ions in a solution resulting in how acidic, basic or neutral a substance is. Ranges from 0-14

Question 12

The relationship between H and pH?

Answer 12

They both work together to determine rather a solution is basic, acidic or neutral. The higher the H the lower the pH and vise versa.

Question 13

What is glycogen? It’s use? Where its stored?

Answer 13

Glycogen : Is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis.

Used for : Storage of carbohydrates, energy , making Dna and rna , Id system production for cells

Stored : Liver

Question 14

Three types of triglycerides? Classify them, where they are found, and how they are used?

Answer 14

Saturated : 3 fatty acid tails ( H and C chains )

Monounsaturated : double bond between 2 C in a fatty acid tail

Polyunsaturated : more than one double bond between C atoms

Found : found in your blood, stored in fat cells

Used : energy , protection, vitamins , build cell membrane , store it

Question 15

Protein structures and classifications ?

Answer 15

Structures : primary , secondary , tertiary, quaternary.

Classifications : structural and functional

Question 16

Enzymes ? How they work in biochemical reactions ?

Answer 16

Enzyme : substance that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

How is works : When a molecule of the right chemical for the enzyme come along it will fit exactly to its shape and cause a reaction in the active site.

Question 17

Active site? Why it’s important and how it’s used by a functional protein ?

Answer 17

Active site : a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Importance : this is where specific molecules bind to the enzyme and cause a reaction, anything that changes the shape of the active site stops the enzyme from working.

How it’s used : The shape and size will predict the function of the protein

Question 18

Why phospholipids are a unique lipid?

Answer 18

Because they contain two fatty acid tails and one head.

Question 19

Use of carbohydrates in the body?

Answer 19

Provide energy, making dna and rna, glycocalyx production

Question 20

ATP? Why is it important ?

Answer 20

ATP : biochemical way to store and use energy.

Importance : fuels chemical reactions by breaking bonds and giving cells energy

Question 21

Phosphorylation? When is it used ?

Answer 21

Phosphorylation : turns proteins and enzymes on and off.

Used for : identifying dramatic change allowing it to turn on and off proteins and enzymes when needed.

Question 22

Difference between mono, di, and polysaccharide? Examples of each?

Answer 22

Monosaccharide : one unit of sugar

Ex. Glucose, RNA, DNA, Fructose

Disaccharide : group of sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked together

Ex. Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

Polysaccharide : composed of numerous monosaccharides combined

Ex. Starch , Glycogen

Question 23

Regional terms

Answer 23

Facial - brain 
Pectoral- chest 
Abdominal- stomach
Pubic - pelvis
Cranial - head 
Cervical- neck
Cubital - elbow 
Brachial - arm
Thoracic - spin 
Axillary - armpit 
Femoral - thigh
Vertebral - spin
Lumbar - lower back between ribs and pelvis
Gluteal - buttocks