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Neuropsychology > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

0
Q

Mind-body problem

A

A person is capable of being conscious and rational only because of having a mind, but how can a non material mind produce movements in a material body?

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1
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Described a relation between the mind and the brain

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2
Q

Dualism

A

The position that mind and body are separate but can interact

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3
Q

Monism

A

Monists avoid the mind-body problem by postulating that the mind and body are simply a unitary whole

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4
Q

Materialism

A

The idea that rational behavior can be fully explained by the working of the NS without any need to refer to a nonmaterial mind

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5
Q

Franz Josef Gall and Johann Casper Spurzheim

A
  • developed the idea that different parts of the brain have different functions
  • proposed that the cortex and it’s gyri were functioning parts of the brain and not just coverings for the pineal body
  • proposed that the cortex produces behavior thru the control of other parts of the brain and spinal cord thru the corticospinal tract
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6
Q

Phrenology

A
  • study of the relation b/w the skull’s surface features and a person’s faculties
  • this map shows the relation b/w brain functions and the skull surface
  • criticisms:
    • characteristics such as faith,
      self-love, and veneration are
      impossible to define and quantify
      objectively
    • phrenologists also failed to
      recognize that the superficial
      features of the skull reveal little
      about the underlying brain
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7
Q

Cranioscopy

A

A method in which a device was placed around the skull to measure the bumps and depressions there

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8
Q

Localization of function

A

A general theory developed by Gall to show how the brain might produce differences in individual abilities

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9
Q

Localizationalists

A

People who believed that functions of the body could be localized to a side of the brain

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10
Q

Aphasia

A

Defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs or of comprehending spoken or written language due to injury or disease of the brain

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11
Q

Alexia

A

Loss of the ability to read

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12
Q

Apraxia

A

An inability to make sequences of movements

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13
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • located speech in the third convolution (gyrus) of the frontal lobe on the left side of the brain
  • demonstrated that language is localized
  • experimented on Tan
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14
Q

Broca’s area

A

The anterior speech region of the brain

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15
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

The syndrome that results from the damage to the anterior speech region of the brain

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16
Q

Tan

A
  • had paralysis on right side of brain
  • could only say the word “tan” and utter an oath
  • had a lesion on his left frontal lobe
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17
Q

Carl Wernicke

A
  • the first notable scientist to dissent Broca’s findings

- suspected a relation b/w the functioning of hearing and that of speech

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18
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

The region of the temporal lobe associated with this form of aphasia

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19
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

AKA: temporal-lobe aphasia or fluent aphasia

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20
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A
  • a pathway in which auditory ideas can be sent from Wernicke’s area
  • leads to Broca’s area, where the representations of speech movements are stored
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21
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

A speech deficit in which, if arcuate fibers connecting the two speech areas were cut, disconnecting the areas but without inflicting damage on either one

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22
Q

Norman Geschwind

A

Confirmed and updated Wernicke’s speech model

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23
Q

Disconnection

A

Predicts that complex behaviors are built up in assembly-line fashion as information collected by sensory systems enters the brain and travels thru different structures before resulting in an overt response

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24
Q

John Hughlings-Jackson

A
  • observed recovery of function in humans who had suffered brain injury
  • proposed that the NS was organized as a function hierarchy
25
Q

Hierarchal organization of function

A

Each successively higher level controls more complex aspects of behavior and did so by means of the lower levels

26
Q

HM

A
  • a patient of Scoville
  • was treated for epilepsy
  • the treatment was successful in stopping the epilepsy, but left him with amnesia, and he wasn’t able to make new memories
27
Q

William Scoville

A

Bilaterally removed the medial parts of the temporal lobes from patient HM, who had epilepsy

28
Q

Brenda Milner

A

Revealed that there is not just one memory structure in the brain but rather that a number of neural structures encode memories separately and in parallel

29
Q

The binding problem

A

Expresses the puzzle that, altho the brain analyzes sensory events thru multiple, parallel channels that don’t converge on a single brain region, we perceive a unified representation of our experiences

30
Q

Joseph Bogen and Philip Vogel

A
  • cut the corpus callosum and the smaller commisures that connect the two cortical hemispheres
  • this reduced the seizures and improve the lives of these “split brain” patients
31
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Conducted a series of studies on patients with “split brains” that overthrew the classical view of the role of the two hemispheres and revolutionized approaches to the study of mental functions

32
Q

Split-brain research

A

Demonstrated that each disconnected hemisphere has it’s own higher gnostic (knowing) function

33
Q

Lesion

A

Any damage to the nervous system

34
Q

Brain hypothesis

A

The idea that the brain is responsible for all behavior

35
Q

Neuron hypothesis

A

The idea that the unit of brain structure and function is the nerve cell

3 aspects: 
    1. Neurons are discrete, 
        autonomous cells that interact 
        but not physically connected 
    2. They send electrical signals that 
         have a chemical basis 
    3. They communicate with one 
        another by using chemical signals
36
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

Enunciated the theory that cells are the basic structural units of the NS, just as they are for the rest of the body

37
Q

Camilio Golgi

A

Impregnated tissue with silver nitrate and found that a few cells in their entirety - cell body, dendrites, and axons - became encrusted with silver

38
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

Used Golgi’s silver-staining technique to examine the brains of chicks at various ages and pronounced beautiful drawings of neurons at different stages of growth

39
Q

Electrical stimulation of brain

A

Causes muscle contractions (tested on a frog)

40
Q

Gustav Theodor Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

A

Studied how electrical conduction thru the body might relate to information flow in neurons

41
Q

Charles Sherrington

A
  • examined how nerves connect to muscles and first suggested that there is no continuous connection
  • theorized that neurons are connected by junctions and that additional time is required for the message to get across the junction
42
Q

Synapse

A

Junctions that neurons need to get messages around the body

43
Q

Otto Loewi

A

Demonstrated that chemicals carry the message across the synapse

44
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Noted, with Herbert Jasper, that anthropologists have found evidence of brain surgery dating to prehistoric times

45
Q

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

A
  • came up with a solution to the problem of identifying who would perform poorly on a test
  • commissioned to develop tests to identify retarded children so that they could receive special instruction
46
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Produced a version of the Stanford-Binet test in which the intelligence quotients were first used

47
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

Calculated by mental age divided by chronological age times 100

48
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A
  • a degenerative disease characterized by a loss of sensory and motor function
  • results from hardening of nerve-fiber pathways in the spinal cord
49
Q

Brain imaging

A
  • allows rapid correlation between symptoms and brain pathology
  • an essential tool for diagnosis
50
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A
  • entails the passage of X-rays thru the head
  • produces a darker image of the brain
  • generates a 3D image of the brain
51
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • entails the injection of radioactive substances that decay in minutes into the bloodstream so that they reach the brain
  • gives off photons that are detected in the brain
  • 2 or 3D reconstruction of the brain
52
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Calculates the location of moving molecules by detecting the electrical charge generated by their movement

53
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • fight or flight
  • activates body so it can respond to an emergency
  • increased HR and respiratory rate
  • release of adrenaline
  • awareness constricts
  • blood in GI constricts, gets shunted to muscles
  • sweat on palms/soles of feet (better traction)
  • blood carries lots of oxygen and glucose
54
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • rest and digest
  • blood goes to internal organs
  • blood shunted to core of body
  • glucose goes back into liver
  • “reboot” body for next emergency
55
Q

Paraplegia

A

Bottom half of the body is paralyzed

56
Q

Quadriplegia

A

All four limbs paralyzed

57
Q

Hemiplesia

A

Lateral half of body paralyzed (if right side of brain damaged, left side of body paralyzed)

58
Q

Hemiparesis

A
  • almost same as hemiplegia

- not a total loss of movement, but profound weakness

59
Q

Cross sectional views of the brain

A
  • coronal
  • horizontal
  • sagittal/midsagittal

Neuropsychology (1 decks)

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