Exam 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Signs of a Phonological Disorder

Answer 1

A phonological process disorder involves patterns of sound errors. Ex. Substituting all sounds made in the back of the mouth like “k” and “g” for those in front of the mouth like “t” and “d”. Ex. When a word starts with two consonants and the child will only pronounce one. I.e. poon for spoon or boken for broken.

Question 2

Speech Sound Disorders

Answer 2

A broad classification go disorders affecting a child’s ability to produce and/or use speech sounds *depending on the age of the child

Question 3

Articulation Disorders

Answer 3

Difficulty producing specific (age-expected) speech sounds of their language. Difficulty with the movement of articulators Ex. /s/ or /r/

Question 4

Phonological Disorder

Answer 4

Difficulty acquiring and implementing the underlying rules of the sound system of the language Deficient/inadequate mental representation of the language and sound system - Phonological processes: syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, cluster reduction etc.

Question 5

Speech Delay

Answer 5

A delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech . Children learn to talk normally but at a much slower rate than other children.

Question 6

Speech Disorder

Answer 6

Speech develops in an unusual/abnormal way.

Question 7

Respiration

Answer 7

Speech production requires adequate respiratory control. We speak as we exhale - the air that is being exhaled helps to set the vocal folds into vibration

Question 8

Production of Vowels

Answer 8

Requires an open vocal tract, low flow of air through the oral cavity, and minimal intraoral air pressure.

Question 9

Production of Stop Consonants

Answer 9

Requires a closed vocal track, cessation of airflow during closure, and increased intraoral air pressure during closure.

Question 10

Production of Nasal Sounds

Answer 10

Requires an open nasal cavity, low airflow through the nasal cavity, and minimal air pressure within that cavity.

Question 11

Production of Fricatives

Answer 11

Requires a constricted oral cavity, increased oral airflow, and increased intraoral air pressure.

Question 12

Production of Affricates.

Answer 12

Requires an initially closed and then narrowed oral cavity, Initially stopped and subsequently increased oral airflow, and increased intraoral air pressure.

Question 13

Production of Glides

Answer 13

Requires an open oral cavity, low airflow, and minimal air pressure.

Question 14

The central nervous system

Answer 14

Includes the cerebrum, the cerebellum, basal ganglia, the brainstem and the spinal cord.

Question 15

The peripheral nervous system

Answer 15

Includes the nerves outside of the central nervous system; and The CNS to the body and organs. Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves.

Question 16

Speech production

Answer 16

Motor cortex, premotor cortex, and Broca’s area of the brain.

Question 17

Speech comprehension

Answer 17

Auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area

Question 18

Cerebral initiation

Answer 18

Premotor cortex and Broca’s area plan the patterns of skilled movements necessary for voluntary speech movements. The movements are initiated at the primary motor cortex. -the motor cortex sends out neural impulses The movements initiated are regulated, integrated, and fine- tune subcortical structures. Exit through cranial/spinal nerves to the muscles.

Question 19

The Pyramidal System

Answer 19

Is the direct activation system - Corticalspinal tract - The neuro activity begins from the motor cortex - Corticalbulbar tract - The neuro activity begins from the motor cortex

Question 20

The Extrapyramidal System

Answer 20

The indirect activation system -Begins from the cerebral cortex

Question 21

Phoneme

Answer 21

The smallest segmental unit of sound that creates a difference in meaning between words. When a phone becomes a speech sound in a particular language, it is called a phoneme

Question 22

Phoneme Classification

Answer 22

Consonants, Vowels, syllables, open and closed syllables.

Question 23

Describing phonemes.

Answer 23

The traditional way or phonetic approach -consonants: place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. -vowels: Tongue position, lip rounding, tenseness

Question 24

Describing phonemes.

Answer 24

Phonological approach Distinctive features -A distinctive feature is an articulatory or acoustic parameter that classifies or defines a phoneme.

Question 25

Coarticulation

Answer 25

The influence that sounds have on one another in connected speech. All sounds are affected by the adjacent or neighboring sounds.

Question 26

Phonological rules

Answer 26

Instead of describing individual phonemes, many researchers analyze sound production according to phonological rules or sound systems.

Question 27

Phonological processes

Answer 27

The speech errors found in typically developing young children. -nana for banana/ pat for fat/ papi for pencil Because Young children are not capable of producing adult speech patterns, they often simplify the adult speech production by substituting sound of his or her phonetic repertoire. Clinically, this term is also used to describe the sound error patterns found in the speech of children with a phonological disorder if children continue to demonstrate such patterns beyond the expected age and development

Question 28

The natural phonology theory

Answer 28

Phonological processes or speech patterns as universal templates that were built in at birth. As children mature, they learn to suppress these processes. The children are able to produce the more appropriate adult form of the articulation.

Question 29

The three phonological processes

Answer 29

Syllable structure processes Substitution processes Assimilatory processes

Question 30

Syllable structure processes

Answer 30

These processes affected the production of syllables so that they are simplified, usually into a consonant vowel form (cv) CV patterns are among the first syllable types to be used in the speech patterns of developing infants. -unstressed syllable deletion -reduplication -Final consonant deletion -Initial consonant deletion -cluster reduction -dimnuization

Question 31

unstressed syllable deletion

Answer 31

The phonological process that involves the omission of an unstressed syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable.

Question 32

Reduplication

Answer 32

Repetition of a syllable of the word Total reduplication (an entire syllable) Partial reduplication (a consonant or vowel)

Question 33

Final consonant deletion

Answer 33

Reduces the syllable to a CV form Omission of a final Singleton consonant in a word as well as all members of final consonant clusters. Initial consonant deletion rare in normal development

Question 34

Cluster reduction

Answer 34

Deletion or substitution of some or all members of a consonant cluster. Usually the sound that is difficult to produce within a cluster

Question 35

Substitution processes

Answer 35

Replacement of one class of phonemes for another Manner, place, voicing -stopping -deaffrication -velar fronting -depalatalization -backing -Liquid gliding -vocalization

Question 36

vellar fronting

Answer 36

Replacement of the velars K, G, ng, I sounds that are made in a more anterior position. ex. T for K

Question 37

Backing

Answer 37

rare in normal development Opposite of velar fronting Back sounds for alveolar k for t

Question 38

Liquid gliding

Answer 38

Substitution of a glide /w/ for /l/ and /r/

Question 39

Vocalization

Answer 39

Substitution of a vowel for a syllabic /l/ or /r/

Question 40

Assimilatory processes

Answer 40

Alternation in phoneme production due to phonetic environment

One sound changes to become more like another sound that comes before or after it.

A consonant place is replaced with another place consonant within the word

Question 41

The most common processes

Answer 41

Week syllable deletion, Final consonant deletion, gliding, and cluster reduction. Typically most of the processes disappear by four or five in normal speech development