Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Signs of a Phonological Disorder
A phonological process disorder involves patterns of sound errors. Ex. Substituting all sounds made in the back of the mouth like “k” and “g” for those in front of the mouth like “t” and “d”. Ex. When a word starts with two consonants and the child will only pronounce one. I.e. poon for spoon or boken for broken.
Speech Sound Disorders
A broad classification go disorders affecting a child’s ability to produce and/or use speech sounds *depending on the age of the child
Articulation Disorders
Difficulty producing specific (age-expected) speech sounds of their language. Difficulty with the movement of articulators Ex. /s/ or /r/
Phonological Disorder
Difficulty acquiring and implementing the underlying rules of the sound system of the language Deficient/inadequate mental representation of the language and sound system - Phonological processes: syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, cluster reduction etc.
Speech Delay
A delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech . Children learn to talk normally but at a much slower rate than other children.
Speech Disorder
Speech develops in an unusual/abnormal way.
Respiration
Speech production requires adequate respiratory control. We speak as we exhale - the air that is being exhaled helps to set the vocal folds into vibration
Production of Vowels
Requires an open vocal tract, low flow of air through the oral cavity, and minimal intraoral air pressure.
Production of Stop Consonants
Requires a closed vocal track, cessation of airflow during closure, and increased intraoral air pressure during closure.
Production of Nasal Sounds
Requires an open nasal cavity, low airflow through the nasal cavity, and minimal air pressure within that cavity.
Production of Fricatives
Requires a constricted oral cavity, increased oral airflow, and increased intraoral air pressure.
Production of Affricates.
Requires an initially closed and then narrowed oral cavity, Initially stopped and subsequently increased oral airflow, and increased intraoral air pressure.
Production of Glides
Requires an open oral cavity, low airflow, and minimal air pressure.
The central nervous system
Includes the cerebrum, the cerebellum, basal ganglia, the brainstem and the spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system
Includes the nerves outside of the central nervous system; and The CNS to the body and organs. Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves.
Speech production
Motor cortex, premotor cortex, and Broca’s area of the brain.
Speech comprehension
Auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area
Cerebral initiation
Premotor cortex and Broca’s area plan the patterns of skilled movements necessary for voluntary speech movements. The movements are initiated at the primary motor cortex. -the motor cortex sends out neural impulses The movements initiated are regulated, integrated, and fine- tune subcortical structures. Exit through cranial/spinal nerves to the muscles.
The Pyramidal System
Is the direct activation system - Corticalspinal tract - The neuro activity begins from the motor cortex - Corticalbulbar tract - The neuro activity begins from the motor cortex
The Extrapyramidal System
The indirect activation system -Begins from the cerebral cortex
Phoneme
The smallest segmental unit of sound that creates a difference in meaning between words. When a phone becomes a speech sound in a particular language, it is called a phoneme
Phoneme Classification
Consonants, Vowels, syllables, open and closed syllables.
Describing phonemes.
The traditional way or phonetic approach -consonants: place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. -vowels: Tongue position, lip rounding, tenseness
Describing phonemes.
Phonological approach Distinctive features -A distinctive feature is an articulatory or acoustic parameter that classifies or defines a phoneme.
Coarticulation
The influence that sounds have on one another in connected speech. All sounds are affected by the adjacent or neighboring sounds.
Phonological rules
Instead of describing individual phonemes, many researchers analyze sound production according to phonological rules or sound systems.
Phonological processes
The speech errors found in typically developing young children. -nana for banana/ pat for fat/ papi for pencil Because Young children are not capable of producing adult speech patterns, they often simplify the adult speech production by substituting sound of his or her phonetic repertoire. Clinically, this term is also used to describe the sound error patterns found in the speech of children with a phonological disorder if children continue to demonstrate such patterns beyond the expected age and development
The natural phonology theory
Phonological processes or speech patterns as universal templates that were built in at birth. As children mature, they learn to suppress these processes. The children are able to produce the more appropriate adult form of the articulation.
The three phonological processes
Syllable structure processes Substitution processes Assimilatory processes
Syllable structure processes
These processes affected the production of syllables so that they are simplified, usually into a consonant vowel form (cv) CV patterns are among the first syllable types to be used in the speech patterns of developing infants. -unstressed syllable deletion -reduplication -Final consonant deletion -Initial consonant deletion -cluster reduction -dimnuization
unstressed syllable deletion
The phonological process that involves the omission of an unstressed syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable.
Reduplication
Repetition of a syllable of the word Total reduplication (an entire syllable) Partial reduplication (a consonant or vowel)
Final consonant deletion
Reduces the syllable to a CV form Omission of a final Singleton consonant in a word as well as all members of final consonant clusters. Initial consonant deletion rare in normal development
Cluster reduction
Deletion or substitution of some or all members of a consonant cluster. Usually the sound that is difficult to produce within a cluster
Substitution processes
Replacement of one class of phonemes for another Manner, place, voicing -stopping -deaffrication -velar fronting -depalatalization -backing -Liquid gliding -vocalization
vellar fronting
Replacement of the velars K, G, ng, I sounds that are made in a more anterior position. ex. T for K
Backing
rare in normal development Opposite of velar fronting Back sounds for alveolar k for t
Liquid gliding
Substitution of a glide /w/ for /l/ and /r/
Vocalization
Substitution of a vowel for a syllabic /l/ or /r/
Assimilatory processes
Alternation in phoneme production due to phonetic environment
One sound changes to become more like another sound that comes before or after it.
A consonant place is replaced with another place consonant within the word
The most common processes
Week syllable deletion, Final consonant deletion, gliding, and cluster reduction. Typically most of the processes disappear by four or five in normal speech development
