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Psychology 102 > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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0
Q

Define intelligence

A

Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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1
Q

What is reification?

A

Reification is the cognitive error of making something real when it is not
•very common among western countries with intelligence.,/

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2
Q

What is spearman’s g factor?

A
  • general intelligence

* intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test

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3
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

Factor analysis was founded by spearman.
-1,0,+1 strength of correlation
Data reduction technique

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4
Q

Savant syndrome + implications for intelligence

A

A condition where someone who may lack mental ability due to disability may excel in a particular area: ex. Computation or drawing

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5
Q

Multiple Intelligences. What’s the theory?

A

Gardner believe we did not have 1 single intelligence, but rather multiple intelligences. Ex. An artsy kid and a basketball player exhibit different kinds of intelligence

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6
Q

Francis Galton

A

Cousin of Charles Darwin

  • wondered if ones natural ability could be measured
  • tested adults in London and no correlation was found (failed)
  • gave the phrase nurture v nature
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7
Q

Binet + Simon

A

Studied children and France. Wanted to find a mental age.
Kids who performed average, above average, and below average
Never questioned why some kids have certain mental ages

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8
Q

Aptitude tests

A

Tests on how well you will do in the future. Closely related to standardized testing. Ability to learn a new skill

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9
Q

Standardized Tests

A

Closely related to aptitude tests. Tests how well you will do in college

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10
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Tests based on what ones already learned

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11
Q

Identical Twin study

A

Monozygotic twins were found to have high heritability concordance. (Similar iqs)
•their iqs are not exactly the same because of environmental factors

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12
Q

Heritability of intelligence

A

The extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation (50-80%)

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13
Q

The environmental influence of neglect on intelligence

A

Poor environmental conditions can depress cognitive development. Malnutrition also plays a role.
Children that may have had high potential were depressed by being deprived

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14
Q

Differences in m/f in regards to verbal fluency and math.

A

Girls: better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions.
Boys: outperform girls in social ability and complex math problems.
IN OVERALL MATH PERFORMANCE BOYS AND GIRLS HARFLY DIFFER

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15
Q

Define motivation

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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16
Q

4 perspectives to explain motivation

A
  1. instinct theory: genetically predisposed behaviors
  2. Drive reduction theory: how our inner pushed and external pulls interact
  3. Arousal theory: finding the right leek of stimulation
  4. Maslows hierarchy of needs
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17
Q

Define instinct

A

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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18
Q

Instinct theory

A

genetically predisposed behaviors

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19
Q

Define drive:

A

An aroused motivated state. Examples include hunger and thirst. Triggers a drive reducing behavior

20
Q

Maslows Hierachy of Needs

A
  • Self transcendence needs
  • self actualization needs
  • esteem needs
  • Belongingness and love needs
  • Safety needs
  • physiological needs (hunger, thirst)
21
Q

Ancel Keys’ study

A

Studies semi starvation by cutting off the food supply of 36 make volunteers (by 1/2)
Without thinking their bodies began conserving energy; appeared listless and apathetic
Body weights stopped dropping at about 25% ⬇️ starting weights

22
Q

Physiologic basis of hunger

A

Major structure:
Hypothalamus
•lateral hypothalamus
-if stimulated, you eat. If destroyed you starve
•ventrahedial hypothalamus
- suppresses hunger
-if destroyed you will eat yourself to death

23
Q

The role of hypothalamus and appetite hormones

A

Orexin: hormone that makes us hungry
Ghrelin: hormone that stimulates hunger in an empty stomach
Obestatin: hormone that sends out full signals

24
Q

Define Basal metabolic rate

A

Amount of calories your body burns during rest. (Breathing, heart-rate, digestion)

25
Q

Stages of sexual response cycle

A
  • excitement phase
  • plateau phase
  • orgasm
  • resolution phase: refractory period
26
Q

What is the refractory period

A

The refractory period refers to a time after orgasming that a male must wait to orgasm again. Varies from a few minutes to a day+

27
Q

Define sexual disorder

A

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

28
Q

Euro v American teens: contraception, pregnancy, and abortion

A

More pregnant teens in America

More contraceptives in Europe

29
Q

Job v career v calling

A

Job: only there to get money
Career: good starting point. Jump off from there (climb corporate ladder)
Calling: fulfilling employment. Socially fulfilling. Not about the money

30
Q

Explain the concept of flow

A

Flow is a phenomenon seen usually in artists/athletes. They get really into their work and lose track of time and surroundings. Flow boosts self esteem

31
Q

What is I/O psychology

A

I/O psychologists look to improve quality at the workplace. Make sure employees are happy/motivated

32
Q

What is the great person theory of leadership

A 
Enhancing the business by advancing leadership. 
Leaders:
•goal based vision 
•charisma/assertive
•good communication skills
•mostly held by men
33
Q

What is the transformational leadership theory?

A 
This theory is more focused on inspiring your colleagues
•more group oriented
•natural extroverts
•inspiring
•mostly held by women
34
Q

What are the basic components of emotion

A
  • the feeling state
  • physiological change “arousal”
  • biological expression (hormonally based)
35
Q

What us the James Lange theory of emotion

A
  • physical change is experienced then emotion
  • ex. We are sad because we cry
  • acting happy will make you happier
36
Q

What is the cannon bard theory of emotion

A

You can take the physiological arousal away and still see emotion
•emotional and physiological experiences are simultaneous

37
Q

What is the schacter and singer 2 factor theory of emotion

A

Factor 1: physiological state of arousal
Factor 2: look at the environment to explain feelings
Studied the spillover effect

38
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

This system is responsible for homeostasis. Initiates fight/flight response.
•physiological pattern/arousal is needed for this to happen

39
Q

Right prefrontal cortex and emotions

A

Right is more associated with negative emotions

40
Q

Facial expression and emotion

A

6 core emotions: happy, sad, anger, fear, disgust, surprise

41
Q

Role of physical abuse and detection of emotions

A

Abused children recognize anger in faces easier than others

42
Q

Facial expressions and lying

A

Women can detect lies better than men.

43
Q

What is empathy

A

The ability to identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes.
•more commonly seen in women

44
Q

Izards research on the 10 emotions

A

Outlined basic emotions
•joy, excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
•suggested complex emotions were just mixes of the basic ones

45
Q

Balance and arousal

A

Russell suggested a 4 quadrant system and any emotions could fall in: high to low arousal and positive to negative valence

46
Q

What is catharsis? What does it do?

A

Freudian belief that venting emotions is a good thing/healthy
•proven wrong, only a temporary fix.

47
Q

Amygdala’s role in emotion

A

Amygdala controls fear and anger. Part of the limic system

48
Q

What is the feel good, do good phenomenon

A

When we are feeling good, we seem to do more for others

-random acts of kindness, charity work

Psychology 102 (2 decks)

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