Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Define intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
What is reification?
Reification is the cognitive error of making something real when it is not
•very common among western countries with intelligence.,/
What is spearman’s g factor?
- general intelligence
* intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test
What is factor analysis?
Factor analysis was founded by spearman.
-1,0,+1 strength of correlation
Data reduction technique
Savant syndrome + implications for intelligence
A condition where someone who may lack mental ability due to disability may excel in a particular area: ex. Computation or drawing
Multiple Intelligences. What’s the theory?
Gardner believe we did not have 1 single intelligence, but rather multiple intelligences. Ex. An artsy kid and a basketball player exhibit different kinds of intelligence
Francis Galton
Cousin of Charles Darwin
- wondered if ones natural ability could be measured
- tested adults in London and no correlation was found (failed)
- gave the phrase nurture v nature
Binet + Simon
Studied children and France. Wanted to find a mental age.
Kids who performed average, above average, and below average
Never questioned why some kids have certain mental ages
Aptitude tests
Tests on how well you will do in the future. Closely related to standardized testing. Ability to learn a new skill
Standardized Tests
Closely related to aptitude tests. Tests how well you will do in college
Achievement Tests
Tests based on what ones already learned
Identical Twin study
Monozygotic twins were found to have high heritability concordance. (Similar iqs)
•their iqs are not exactly the same because of environmental factors
Heritability of intelligence
The extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation (50-80%)
The environmental influence of neglect on intelligence
Poor environmental conditions can depress cognitive development. Malnutrition also plays a role.
Children that may have had high potential were depressed by being deprived
Differences in m/f in regards to verbal fluency and math.
Girls: better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions.
Boys: outperform girls in social ability and complex math problems.
IN OVERALL MATH PERFORMANCE BOYS AND GIRLS HARFLY DIFFER
Define motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
4 perspectives to explain motivation
- instinct theory: genetically predisposed behaviors
- Drive reduction theory: how our inner pushed and external pulls interact
- Arousal theory: finding the right leek of stimulation
- Maslows hierarchy of needs
Define instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Instinct theory
genetically predisposed behaviors
Define drive:
An aroused motivated state. Examples include hunger and thirst. Triggers a drive reducing behavior
Maslows Hierachy of Needs
- Self transcendence needs
- self actualization needs
- esteem needs
- Belongingness and love needs
- Safety needs
- physiological needs (hunger, thirst)
Ancel Keys’ study
Studies semi starvation by cutting off the food supply of 36 make volunteers (by 1/2)
Without thinking their bodies began conserving energy; appeared listless and apathetic
Body weights stopped dropping at about 25% ⬇️ starting weights
Physiologic basis of hunger
Major structure:
Hypothalamus
•lateral hypothalamus
-if stimulated, you eat. If destroyed you starve
•ventrahedial hypothalamus
- suppresses hunger
-if destroyed you will eat yourself to death
The role of hypothalamus and appetite hormones
Orexin: hormone that makes us hungry
Ghrelin: hormone that stimulates hunger in an empty stomach
Obestatin: hormone that sends out full signals
Define Basal metabolic rate
Amount of calories your body burns during rest. (Breathing, heart-rate, digestion)
Stages of sexual response cycle
- excitement phase
- plateau phase
- orgasm
- resolution phase: refractory period
What is the refractory period
The refractory period refers to a time after orgasming that a male must wait to orgasm again. Varies from a few minutes to a day+
Define sexual disorder
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
Euro v American teens: contraception, pregnancy, and abortion
More pregnant teens in America
More contraceptives in Europe
Job v career v calling
Job: only there to get money
Career: good starting point. Jump off from there (climb corporate ladder)
Calling: fulfilling employment. Socially fulfilling. Not about the money
Explain the concept of flow
Flow is a phenomenon seen usually in artists/athletes. They get really into their work and lose track of time and surroundings. Flow boosts self esteem
What is I/O psychology
I/O psychologists look to improve quality at the workplace. Make sure employees are happy/motivated
What is the great person theory of leadership
Enhancing the business by advancing leadership. Leaders: •goal based vision •charisma/assertive •good communication skills •mostly held by men
What is the transformational leadership theory?
This theory is more focused on inspiring your colleagues •more group oriented •natural extroverts •inspiring •mostly held by women
What are the basic components of emotion
- the feeling state
- physiological change “arousal”
- biological expression (hormonally based)
What us the James Lange theory of emotion
- physical change is experienced then emotion
- ex. We are sad because we cry
- acting happy will make you happier
What is the cannon bard theory of emotion
You can take the physiological arousal away and still see emotion
•emotional and physiological experiences are simultaneous
What is the schacter and singer 2 factor theory of emotion
Factor 1: physiological state of arousal
Factor 2: look at the environment to explain feelings
Studied the spillover effect
Parasympathetic nervous system
This system is responsible for homeostasis. Initiates fight/flight response.
•physiological pattern/arousal is needed for this to happen
Right prefrontal cortex and emotions
Right is more associated with negative emotions
Facial expression and emotion
6 core emotions: happy, sad, anger, fear, disgust, surprise
Role of physical abuse and detection of emotions
Abused children recognize anger in faces easier than others
Facial expressions and lying
Women can detect lies better than men.
What is empathy
The ability to identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes.
•more commonly seen in women
Izards research on the 10 emotions
Outlined basic emotions
•joy, excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
•suggested complex emotions were just mixes of the basic ones
Balance and arousal
Russell suggested a 4 quadrant system and any emotions could fall in: high to low arousal and positive to negative valence
What is catharsis? What does it do?
Freudian belief that venting emotions is a good thing/healthy
•proven wrong, only a temporary fix.
Amygdala’s role in emotion
Amygdala controls fear and anger. Part of the limic system
What is the feel good, do good phenomenon
When we are feeling good, we seem to do more for others
-random acts of kindness, charity work
