Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
What is subjective data?
Subjective data is what the patient feels and tells you about their experience. It cannot be measured or observed.
What is objective data?
Objective data consists of measurable and observable signs collected through various assessment methods. It does not rely on patient perception.
What is primary health promotion?
Primary health promotion is the prevention of disease before it occurs, aiming to reduce the risk of disease development by promoting healthy behaviors.
Example: vaccines, lifestyle education, hand hygiene.
What is secondary health promotion?
Secondary health promotion involves early detection and treatment to prevent complications and slow disease progression.
Example: mammograms, blood pressure screenings.
What is tertiary health promotion?
Tertiary health promotion focuses on managing and improving quality of life with chronic disease, reducing complications and disability.
Example: rehab, chronic disease management.
What are the normal vital sign ranges for an adult?
Temperature: 96.4 - 99.1°F (average: 98.6°F)
Heart rate: 60-100 bpm
Respiratory rate: 12-20 breaths/min
Blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg
Oxygen saturation: 95-100%.
What is hyperthermia?
Hyperthermia is a high body temperature, also known as fever, defined as >100.4°F.
What is hypothermia?
Hypothermia is a low body temperature, defined as <95°F.
What is tachycardia?
Tachycardia is a high heart rate, defined as >100 bpm.
What is bradycardia?
Bradycardia is a low heart rate, defined as <60 bpm.
What is tachypnea?
Tachypnea is a high respiratory rate, defined as >20 breaths/min.
What is bradypnea?
Bradypnea is a low respiratory rate, defined as <12 breaths/min.
What is apnea?
Apnea is defined as no breathing.
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is high blood pressure, defined as >130/80 mmHg.
What is hypotension?
Hypotension is low blood pressure, defined as <90/60 mmHg.
What is hypoxemia?
Hypoxemia is low oxygen saturation, defined as <90%.
What is the best way to find out about someone’s cultural and religious preferences?
The best way to find out is to ask.
What are open-ended questions?
Open-ended questions require more than a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response.
What are closed-ended questions?
Closed-ended questions can be answered with ‘yes’ or ‘no.’
When would you perform a focused assessment?
A focused assessment is performed when a patient reports a new or worsening symptom, in emergencies, or when monitoring chronic conditions.
When would you perform a comprehensive assessment?
A comprehensive assessment is performed upon admission, during annual physical exams, and to establish a baseline for future assessments.
How should we count someone’s pulse if it is irregular?
We should count for a full minute to catch any irregularities.
What is the best way to count someone’s respirations?
The best way is to tell the patient you will take a minute to get their radial pulse, using the first 30 seconds for the pulse and 15 seconds for respirations.
What equipment may we use during an assessment?
Equipment includes thermometer, stethoscope, sphygmomanometer, pulse oximetry, scales, and more.
What are the parts of a stethoscope?
The parts include diaphragm, bell, earpieces, tubing, binaurals, and stem.
What should we do if we can’t hear with a stethoscope?
Make sure the earpieces are facing the right way and check that the chest piece is rotated correctly.
What is the first step in the assessment process?
The first step is inspection.
Which body system do we examine primarily with inspection?
The integumentary system.
What should we ask during a pain assessment?
Ask about when it started, location, duration, quality, aggravating factors, relieving factors, timing, and severity on a scale of 1 to 10.
Which parts of the hand should we use for palpation?
Use the palmar surface, fingertips, and finger pads for palpation.
Which part of the hand should we use for checking temperature?
Use the dorsal side of the hand for checking temperature.
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure when moving from lying or sitting to standing, defined by specific BP drops.
What sounds might we expect to hear during percussion?
Sounds include resonance, hyperresonance, tympany, dullness, and flatness, each indicating different conditions.
How could we address a patient who may be upset?
Remain calm, use active listening, acknowledge emotions, ask open-ended questions, offer solutions, and provide reassurance.
How should we bring up sensitive subjects with a patient?
Create a private environment, use open language, normalize the conversation, and offer support and resources.
What are some signs of physical abuse or neglect?
Signs include unexplainable injuries, poor hygiene, untreated infections, and fearful behavior.
What device can we use to test visual acuity?
The Snellen Eye Chart measures distance vision by having the patient read lines from a distance of 20 feet.
Cultural Acronym
A- Cultural Awareness
S- Cultural Skills
K- Cultural Knowledge
E-Cultural Encounters
D- Cultural Desire
