exam 1 study guide Flashcards
Wilhelm Wundt
Founded 1sy psychology lab in leipzig, Germany in 1879
Franciscus Donders
1868, timed the mind
Wilhhelm Wundt and structuralism
We understand the world through combinations of basic experiences (sensation)
“Periodic table of the mind”
Hermann Ebbinghaus and Forgetting
Learned lists of nonsense syllables and plotted memory savings
William James and Functionalism
Concerned with why we do things
Investigated attention, consciousness, imagination, reasoning, and more
1932 - Edward Tolman
Rats formed mental maps of mazes
1932 - Frederick Bartlett
Found that memory of a story depended on attitude about the event
The Cognitive Revolution
1956- a shift in psychology in the 1950s that focused on how the mind works and how it drives human behavior
Luigi Galvani
demonstrated that nerves functioned via electricity
Phineas Gage
showed loss of social judgment after brain injury. Became mean and angry. This led to people believing that the top of the brain is responsible for personality changes.
Paul Broca
showed that damage to the left frontal lobe caused loss of speech
Radial symmetry
have distributed “nerve nets”, no centralized brain
Bilateral symmetry
The left side and the right side are almost mirror images of each other.
Bilateral symmetry characteristics
Has the presence of local, centralized networks within each body segment.
Longitudinal transmission of information up and down the body axis.
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
receptors and nerves that are found throughout the body and outside the brain and spinal cord
forebrain
Contains the cerebral hemisphere (cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain nuclei).
Contains the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Midbrain
most rostral part of the brainstem that connects the pons and cerebellum with the forebrain.
Hindbrain
Contains the pons, cerebellum, and medulla
Rostral
towards the mouth or the front end
Caudal
towards the tail end
Dorsal
towards the top or back
Ventral
towards the belly, or bottom end.
Anterior
towards the front
Posterior
towards the back
Superior
towards the top
Inferior
towards the bottom
Medial
towards the middle
Lateral
towards the side
Ipsilateral
“on the same side”
contralateral
means “on the opposite side”
Distal
towards the far (distant) end of the limb
Proximal
towards the point where the limb attaches to the body
Axial slice
divides the body along its long axis
Sagittal slice
divides the body into left and right
Mid-Sagittal slice
slice through the exact midline of the body
Frontal or coronal slice
divides body into anterior and posterior sections.
peripheral nervous system consists of
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
The somatic nervous system
detects and processes information from external stimuli. Includes the sensory inputs and motor outputs for guiding voluntary body movements in the external world. Has somatic afferent (or somatosensory) neurons for input and somatic efferent (or motor) neurons for output. (are found in the skin, muscle, and joints)
The autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Reacts to threats or opportunities in the external world: feeding, fighting, flighting, and fucking.
Parasympathetic nervous system
“Rest-and-regenerate”
visceral afferent (or visceral sensory) neurons
input
visceral efferent (or autonomic) neurons
output
visceral
Anything having to do with organ activity.
Somatic motor neurons
Extend from the spinal cord to the muscles of the body
Make contact at specialized structures called the neuromuscular junction
Electrical activity releases signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters stimulate the muscle on the body to contract.
Visceral efferent neurons
Send output signals to the body’s internal organs.
Regulates activities of the body’s internal world.
Each segment of the spinal cord
has its own set of peripheral nerve roots on the left and right
All sensory inputs enter the spinal cord through the
dorsal nerve root at the back
then all motor outputs exit the spinal cord through the
ventral nerve root at the front of the spinal cord
Dermatomes
A region of the skin that
Receives input from a single spinal nerve
Myotomes
A region of the muscle that receives output from a single spinal nerve.
describe the structure of the spinal cord
Small central canal, surrounded by a butterfly-shaped structure of gray matter, which is surrounded by white matter
Gray matter
nerve tissue consisting of the unmyelinated cell bodies of dendrites and neurons. Handles sensory and motor info