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Cognition and Speech Perception > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Which value of d’ prime indicates a more sensitive test, a higher value or a lower value?

A

Higher
The further the distributions are, the more sensitive the test is

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2
Q

What is the advantage of using d’ as a measure of test sensitivity?

A

It is independent of the pass-fail criteria

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3
Q

What is the TEN test?

A

A test that aids in the identification of cochlear dead regions

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4
Q

What does the TEN test stand for?

A

Threshold equalizing noise

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5
Q

At what dB HL can cochlear dead regions be present?

A

55 dB HL or greater

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6
Q

What audiometric configurations are more likely to be a result of cochlear dead regions?

A

Sloping loss as a certain frequency region and a reverse sloping SNHL

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7
Q

What is a theory?

A

A statement about a particular phenomenon, incorporating underlying principles and assumptions

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8
Q

What is a model?

A

A simplification of a system
Representation of the system that can be used to test theories or explain phenomena

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9
Q

What are models used for?

A

Used to explain phenomena and test theories

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10
Q

What are theories used for?

A

To make predictions based on what we know

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of theories used in speech and hearing research?

A

Bottom up and top down processing
Active vs passive

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12
Q

What is top down processing?

A

We are using the information that we already know

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13
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Everything that we need to know is in the signal

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14
Q

What is active processing?

A

Requires knowledge of how speech is produced

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15
Q

What is passive processing?

A

Speech perception is almost entirely sensory

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16
Q

What are the 4 categories of behavioral evidence that speech perception involves both cognition and hearing?

A

Perceptual grouping of speech sounds
Segmentation of speech into meaningful units
Comprehension of distorted and degraded speech
Categorical perception

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17
Q

What is perceptual grouping of speech sounds?

A

We hear speech as continuous instead of separate sounds
We can find speech even in sounds that are not speech

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18
Q

What is an example of perceptual grouping of speech sounds?

A

Hearing the word “mom” when a cat meows

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19
Q

What is segmentation of speech into meaningful units?

A

Segmenting speech into individual words
Only done with languages we know

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20
Q

What is comprehension of distorted and degraded speech?

A

Learning to understand speech that is perceptually different than the speech we are familiar with

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21
Q

What is an example of comprehension of distorted and degraded speech?

A

Accents

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22
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

We can distinguish the acoustic properties of sound

23
Q

What is an example of categorical perception?

A

Voice onset time

24
Q

What are three ways in which speech production and speech perception are linked?

A

Babbling during speech development
Interrupting auditory feedback changes production
Speakers change to minimize or maximize differences with conversation partner

25
Q

What are the 8 factors that contribute to speech understanding?

A

The speech signal itself
Environment (noise, reverberation)
Listener’s familiarity with the speaker’s accent and language
Context/predictability
Listener’s sensory and cognitive abilities
Hearing aid features
Individual’s intention/motivation
Masking type (informational vs. energetic)

26
Q

What is attention?

A

The ability to attend to a desired target in the presence of a distractor

27
Q

How is attention assessed?

A

Presenting a group of items that differ in some way and instructing the subject to attend to the item meeting a particular description

28
Q

Why is attention important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

A

The listener needs to be able to attend to the person who is speaking

29
Q

What is processing speed?

A

The amount of time it takes to process and react to a stimulus

30
Q

How is processing speed assessed?

A

Measured as reaction time

31
Q

Why is processing speed important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

A

Need to be able to process a lot of speech information quickly to understand what is being said

32
Q

What is inhibition?

A

Ability to inhibit extraneous information when responding to target stimuli
Goes hand in hand with selective attention

33
Q

How is inhibition assessed?

A

Variation of the stroop test

34
Q

Why is inhibition important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

A

Need to be able to inhibit unnecessary information, such as noise or another talker

35
Q

What is short term memory?

A

The number of items able to be stored in memory for a short period of time

36
Q

How is short term memory assessed?

A

Number of items a person can correctly recall in order
Numbers, letters, or word span

37
Q

Why is short term memory important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

A

Need to be able to remember what was said by the talker

38
Q

What is executive function?

A

Control of cognitive processes
Includes planning, adapting to situations, monitoring behavior, etc.

39
Q

How is executive function assessed?

A

Depends on the researchers use and definition of the term
Circle number/letter test

40
Q

Why is executive function important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

A

Need to be able to monitor all of our cognitive processes in conversation

41
Q

What is semantic knowledge?

A

General knowledge that has been acquired or accumulated through lived experiences
Common knowledge

42
Q

How is semantic knowledge assessed?

A

Category fluency (naming things in a category)
Picture naming
Word to picture matching
Picture sorting
Word sorting

43
Q

Why is semantic knowledge important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

A

Need to have a general idea of what is being said by the talker

44
Q

Is cognition important for speech/language processing in general, and not just when talking about cognitive decline?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is working memory?

A

Simultaneously store and process information
The greater the working memory span, the greater the number of items that can be maintained and manipulated

46
Q

How is working memory assessed?

A

Task specific
Math in head and remembering instructions and performing them

47
Q

Why is working memory important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

A

You need to be able to think about what someone is saying in a conversation to be able to respond

48
Q

What is the ELU model?

A

Ease of language understanding model
Multimodal language input goes in and we look for a match for it in long term memory, if there is a match, then we go to understanding (implicit processing).
Multimodal language input goes in and we look for a match in our long term memory, if we don’t get one, we need to go into explicit processing and expend effort to reach understanding.

49
Q

What is implicit processing?

A

Automatic
No conscious thought required

50
Q

What is explicit processing?

A

Deliberate or intentional

51
Q

What is the predictive role in working memory of speech and language processing?

A

The longer the speech signal, the less options it can be
Happens before the rest of the signal occurs

52
Q

What is the postdictive role in working memory of speech and language processing?

A

Figuring out what the mismatch was after the signal is over

53
Q

How can hearing aids can increase the amount of working memory capacity required for a listener?

A

By increasing audibility and making a larger SNR value

54
Q

How can hearing aids can reduce the amount of working memory capacity required for a listener?

A

Unwanted distortion

Cognition and Speech Perception (1 decks)

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