Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards by Jenna Skare

Which value of d’ prime indicates a more sensitive test, a higher value or a lower value?

Higher
The further the distributions are, the more sensitive the test is

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What is the advantage of using d’ as a measure of test sensitivity?

It is independent of the pass-fail criteria

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What is the TEN test?

A test that aids in the identification of cochlear dead regions

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What does the TEN test stand for?

Threshold equalizing noise

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At what dB HL can cochlear dead regions be present?

55 dB HL or greater

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What audiometric configurations are more likely to be a result of cochlear dead regions?

Sloping loss as a certain frequency region and a reverse sloping SNHL

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What is a theory?

A statement about a particular phenomenon, incorporating underlying principles and assumptions

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What is a model?

A simplification of a system
Representation of the system that can be used to test theories or explain phenomena

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What are models used for?

Used to explain phenomena and test theories

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What are theories used for?

To make predictions based on what we know

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What are the 3 types of theories used in speech and hearing research?

Bottom up and top down processing
Active vs passive

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What is top down processing?

We are using the information that we already know

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What is bottom up processing?

Everything that we need to know is in the signal

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What is active processing?

Requires knowledge of how speech is produced

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What is passive processing?

Speech perception is almost entirely sensory

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What are the 4 categories of behavioral evidence that speech perception involves both cognition and hearing?

Perceptual grouping of speech sounds
Segmentation of speech into meaningful units
Comprehension of distorted and degraded speech
Categorical perception

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What is perceptual grouping of speech sounds?

We hear speech as continuous instead of separate sounds
We can find speech even in sounds that are not speech

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What is an example of perceptual grouping of speech sounds?

Hearing the word “mom” when a cat meows

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What is segmentation of speech into meaningful units?

Segmenting speech into individual words
Only done with languages we know

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What is comprehension of distorted and degraded speech?

Learning to understand speech that is perceptually different than the speech we are familiar with

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What is an example of comprehension of distorted and degraded speech?

Accents

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What is categorical perception?

We can distinguish the acoustic properties of sound

What is an example of categorical perception?

Voice onset time

What are three ways in which speech production and speech perception are linked?

Babbling during speech development
Interrupting auditory feedback changes production
Speakers change to minimize or maximize differences with conversation partner

What are the 8 factors that contribute to speech understanding?

The speech signal itself Environment (noise, reverberation) Listener’s familiarity with the speaker’s accent and language Context/predictability Listener’s sensory and cognitive abilities Hearing aid features Individual’s intention/motivation Masking type (informational vs. energetic)

What is attention?

The ability to attend to a desired target in the presence of a distractor

How is attention assessed?

Presenting a group of items that differ in some way and instructing the subject to attend to the item meeting a particular description

Why is attention important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

The listener needs to be able to attend to the person who is speaking

What is processing speed?

The amount of time it takes to process and react to a stimulus

How is processing speed assessed?

Measured as reaction time

Why is processing speed important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

Need to be able to process a lot of speech information quickly to understand what is being said

What is inhibition?

Ability to inhibit extraneous information when responding to target stimuli Goes hand in hand with selective attention

How is inhibition assessed?

Variation of the stroop test

Why is inhibition important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

Need to be able to inhibit unnecessary information, such as noise or another talker

What is short term memory?

The number of items able to be stored in memory for a short period of time

How is short term memory assessed?

Number of items a person can correctly recall in order Numbers, letters, or word span

Why is short term memory important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

Need to be able to remember what was said by the talker

What is executive function?

Control of cognitive processes Includes planning, adapting to situations, monitoring behavior, etc.

How is executive function assessed?

Depends on the researchers use and definition of the term Circle number/letter test

Why is executive function important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

Need to be able to monitor all of our cognitive processes in conversation

What is semantic knowledge?

General knowledge that has been acquired or accumulated through lived experiences Common knowledge

How is semantic knowledge assessed?

Category fluency (naming things in a category) Picture naming Word to picture matching Picture sorting Word sorting

Why is semantic knowledge important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

Need to have a general idea of what is being said by the talker

Is cognition important for speech/language processing in general, and not just when talking about cognitive decline?

Yes

What is working memory?

Simultaneously store and process information The greater the working memory span, the greater the number of items that can be maintained and manipulated

How is working memory assessed?

Task specific Math in head and remembering instructions and performing them

Why is working memory important for understanding speech in complex listening situations?

You need to be able to think about what someone is saying in a conversation to be able to respond

What is the ELU model?

Ease of language understanding model Multimodal language input goes in and we look for a match for it in long term memory, if there is a match, then we go to understanding (implicit processing). Multimodal language input goes in and we look for a match in our long term memory, if we don’t get one, we need to go into explicit processing and expend effort to reach understanding.

What is implicit processing?

Automatic No conscious thought required

What is explicit processing?

Deliberate or intentional

What is the predictive role in working memory of speech and language processing?

The longer the speech signal, the less options it can be Happens before the rest of the signal occurs

What is the postdictive role in working memory of speech and language processing?

Figuring out what the mismatch was after the signal is over

How can hearing aids can increase the amount of working memory capacity required for a listener?

By increasing audibility and making a larger SNR value

How can hearing aids can reduce the amount of working memory capacity required for a listener?

Unwanted distortion