Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Marketing Management
The leading and managing of the facets of marketing to improve individual, unit, and organizational performance.
Marketing’s Stakeholders
Any person or entity inside or outside a firm with whom marketing interacts, impacts, and is impacted by.
Societal Marketing
The concept that, at the broadest level, members of society at large can be viewed as a stakeholder for marketing.
Sustainability
The practicing of business that meets humanity’s needs without harming future generations.
Value
A ratio of the bundle of benefits a customer receives from an offering compared to the costs incurred by the customer in acquiring that bundle of benefits.
Exchange
The giving up of something of value for something desired.
Product Orientation
The maximization of production capacity through improvements in products and production activities without much regard for what is going on in the marketplace.
Sales Orientation
The increase of sales and consequently production capacity utilization by having salespeople “push” product into the hands of customers.
Marketing Concept
Business philosophy that emphasizes an organization-wide customer orientation with the objective of achieving long-run profits.
Marketing Mix (4P’s of Marketing)
Product, price, place, and promotion—the fundamental elements that comprise the marketer’s tool kit that can be developed in unique combinations to set the product or brand apart from the competition.
Offering
A product or service that delivers value to satisfy a need or want.
Solution
A bundle of benefits from an offering that solves a problem or fills the need of a customer.
Differentiation
Communicating and delivering value in different ways to different customer groups.
Customer Orientation
Placing the customer at the core of all aspects of the enterprise.
Market Orientation
The implementation of the marketing concept, based on an understanding of customers and competitors.
Relationship Orientation
Investing in keeping and cultivating profitable current customers instead of constantly having to invest in gaining new ones.
One-to-one Marketing
Directing energy and resources into establishing a learning relationship with each customer and connecting that knowledge with the firm’s production and service capabilities to fulfill that customer’s needs in as customary a manner as possible.
Mass Customization
Combining flexible manufacturing with flexible marketing to greatly enhance customer choice.
Marketing (Big M)
The dimension of marketing that focuses on external forces that affect the organization and serves as the driver of business strategy.
Strategic Marketing
The long-term, firm-level commitment to investing in marketing—supported at the highest organization level—for the purpose of enhancing organizational performance.
Market Creation
Approaches that drive the market toward fulfilling a whole new set of needs that customers did not realize was possible or feasible before.
marketing (Little m)
The dimension of marketing that focuses on the functional or operational level of the organization.
Tactical Marketing
Marketing activities that take place at the functional or operational level of a firm.
Marketing Metrics
Tools and processes designed to identify, track, evaluate, and provide key benchmarks for improvement of marketing activities.
Marketing Analytics
The practice of measuring, managing, and analyzing marketing performance to maximize marketing effectiveness and optimize return on marketing investment (ROMI).
Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI)
What impact an investment in marketing has on a firm’s success, especially financially.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
A firm’s behaviors and strategies that are undertaken in order to have a positive impact on the world.
Global Experience Learning Curve
The process by which an understanding of marketing beyond home markets develops over time as a company gains more international business.
Foreign Marketing
Occurs when a firm develops local distribution and service representation outside its home market, either through local intermediaries or its own marketing and sales force.
International Marketing
Implies that the firm is marketing outside their home (domestic) market and also manufactures outside that market.
Global Marketing
Implies that the firm realizes that all world markets (including the company’s own domestic market) are, in reality, a single market with many different segments.
Developed Economies
Specific economies that have fueled world economic growth for much of the 20th century, including Western Europe, the United States, and Japan.
Emerging Markets
Growing economies that have developed over the last 25 years that are projected to contribute toward 75 percent of world economic growth over the next 20 years.
Regional Market Zones
A group of countries that create formal relationships for mutual economic benefit through lower tariffs and reduced trade barriers.
European Union (EU)
A successful regional marketing zone founded more than 50 years ago by six European countries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and West Germany) with the Treaty of Rome and that now includes 28 countries.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Created to eliminate tariffs between Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and which stands as the single largest economic alliance today.
Mercosur
Inaugurated in 1995, it is the most powerful market zone in South America and includes the major economies of South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
ASEAN
Founded in 1967, it is the most important Asian market zone and includes 10 countries running the entire length of the Pacific Rim (Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam).
Exporting
The most common method for entering foreign markets, it offers firms the ability to penetrate foreign markets with minimal investment and very little risk.
Exporter
International market specialist that helps companies by acting as the export marketing department.
Distributor
Represents the company and often many others in foreign markets.
Contractual Agreements
Enduring, nonequity relationships with another company that allow a company to expand its participation in a foreign market.
Licensing
When a firm offers other manufacturers the right to use its brand in exchange for a set fee or percentage of sales.
Franchising
A contractual agreement in which a firm provides a contracted company in a foreign market with a bundle of products, systems, services, and management expertise in return for local market knowledge, financial consideration, and local management experience.
Strategic Alliances
A market entry strategy designed to spread the risk of foreign investment among its partners. Examples of strategic alliances would be international joint ventures or direct foreign investment.
Joint Venture
A partnership of two or more participating companies that differs from other strategic alliances in that (1) management duties are shared and a management structure is defined; (2) other corporations or legal entities, not individuals, formed the venture; and (3) every partner holds an equity position.
Direct Foreign Investment
A strategic alliance with long-term implications in which a company moves manufacturing or operations into a foreign market.
Decision Making Authority
An issue that arises when companies grow internationally and lines of authority become longer and more complicated, resulting in difficulty in defining decision-making protocols.
Degree of Centralization
The degree to which decisions are made at the firm’s home office.
Global Product Lines
Products that are sold across country borders.
Geographic Regions
An international organizational structure that divides international markets by geography, building autonomous regional organizations that perform business functions in the geographic areas.
Matrix Structure
An international organizational structure that encourages regional autonomy among organizations while building product competence in key areas around the world.
Country-of-origin Effect
The influence of the country of manufacture, assembly, or design on a customer’s positive or negative perception of a product.
Global Marketing Themes
Global advertising strategy in which a basic template is used for global ads that allows for slight modifications depending on local markets.
Global Marketing with Local Content
Global advertising strategy in which a firm keeps the same global marketing theme as the home market but adapts it with local content.
Basket of Global Advertising Themes
Global advertising strategy in which distinct ads built around several marketing messages are created that local marketers can select from to best fit their specific market situation.
Local Market Ad Generation
Global marketing strategy in which a firm allows local marketers to create local ads that do not necessarily coordinate with its global marketing messages.
Transfer Pricing
The cost companies charge internally to move products between subsidiaries or divisions.
Dumping
A global pricing issue that refers to the practice of charging less than their actual costs or less than the product’s price in the firm’s home markets.
Gray Market
A global pricing issue that references the unauthorized diversion of branded products into global markets.
Marketing Ethics
A societal and professional standard of right and fair practices that are expected of marketing managers in their oversight of strategy formulation, implementation, and control.
Triple Bottom Line (TBL)
A metric for evaluating not only the financial results of the company but the broader social equity, economic, and environmental considerations as well.
Benefit
The advantageous outcome from the advantage found in a product feature.
Utility
The want-satisfying power of a good or service. There are four types of utility: form utility, time utility, place utility, and ownership utility.