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BIO 150 > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

The most important advantage of transmission electron microscope (TEM) over light microscope (LM) is its higher resolution.

A

True

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2
Q

If a cell doubled in diameter, it would have twice as much cytoplasm to maintain.

A

False

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3
Q

In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the ECF.

A

False

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4
Q

A cell’s second messengers serve to transport material through the plasma membrane

A

False

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5
Q

Microvilli and cilia differ in their function but have the same internal structure.

A

False

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5
Q

Ligand-gated channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical.

A

True

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5
Q

The greater the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion rate.

A

True

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6
Q

The Na+-K+ ATPase is a countertransport antiport carrier, which always requires energy.

A

True

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7
Q

The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT) is one example of an active transport process involving a uniport carrier.

A

False

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8
Q

One example of pinocytosis is the uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by endothelial cells.

A

False

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9
Q

Both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by two layers of unit membrane.

A

True

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10
Q

The nucleus is the largest organelle in most cells.

A

True

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11
Q

Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.

A

True

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12
Q

The Golgi complex makes peroxisomes but not lysosomes.

A

False

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13
Q

A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell should be classified as an inclusion.

A

True

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14
Q

All of the generalizations below constitute the modern cell theory
except
A. an organism’s structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells.
B. all cells come only from preexisting cells.
C. all cells occupy space.
D. all organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
E. the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

A

c. all cells occupy space

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15
Q

________ cells are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end.

A

e. Fusiform

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16
Q

Most human cells range from 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can be?

A

d. The relationship between its length and surface area

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17
Q

The fluid outside of a cell is called.

A

c. Extracellular fluid

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18
Q

The flat shape cells found covering the skin are

A

d. Squamous

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19
Q

Although the transmission electron microscope (TEM) can magnify much more than a light microscope, even at identical magnifications the TEM has the advantage of

A

d. Producing higher resolution

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20
Q

___ are the most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane

A

b. Phospholipids

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21
Q

__ are membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate.

A

a. Receptors

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22
Q

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. That is to say, the receptor exhibits

A

b. Specificity

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23
Q

In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called ______, whose job is to regulate
other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.

A

c. Kinases

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24
Q

Transmembrane proteins that make up enzymes in the plasma membrane are made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ________, while most amino acids facing the extracellular fluid are _________

A

d. Hydrophobic, hydrophilic

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25
Q

Gates respond to all these stimuli except

A

e. Water in the extracellular fluid

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26
Q

___ act like identification tags in the glycocalyx that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells

A

a. Glycoproteins

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27
Q

______ provide mobility to a cell, ______ act as sensory “antenna” in many cells, and ________ increase a cell’s surface area

A

e. Flagella, cilia, microvilli

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28
Q

Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has

A

c. Microvilli

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29
Q

___ consume ATP when transferring solutes from one side to the other side of the plasma membrane

A

b. Pumps

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30
Q

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then,

A

d. Water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A

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31
Q

____ is the process in which ____ forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

A

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

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32
Q

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called _____

A

b. Osmosis; aquaphorins

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33
Q

Insulin is taken up by endocytosis by endothelial cells lining capillaries, and then transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called

A

e. Transcytosis

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34
Q

Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________

A

a. Symport; contransport

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35
Q

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ___________.

A

a. Up; active transport

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36
Q

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. The concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid and will cause the cell to _____________.

A

c. Higher; shrink

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37
Q

Facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common that both

A

e. Are cases of carrier mediated transport

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38
Q

_____ describes the number of particles of a solute in a solution, whereas ______ is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell.

A

c. Osmolarity; tonicity

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39
Q

Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell?

A

e. Active transport

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40
Q

Particles can leave a cell by any of these means except by

A

e. Pinocytosis

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41
Q

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of

A

a. Phagocytosis

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42
Q

The Na+-K+ pump has the following functions except

A

b. Transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell

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43
Q

A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about _________ NaCl

A

b. Isotonic; 0.9%

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44
Q

Which of these is an example of active transport?

A

d. Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

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45
Q

Which of these bring nonspecific material into a cell?

A

d. Pinocytosis

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46
Q

These are all membranous organelles
except

A

b. Ribosomes

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47
Q

Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized in detoxifying frugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of

A

b. Smooth endoplastic reticulum

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48
Q

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

A

d. Protein synthesis

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49
Q

What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?

A

d. Lysosome

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50
Q

Muscle cells contain numerous _____________ to serve their high demand for ATP

A

c. Mitochondria

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51
Q

This organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells.

A

a. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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52
Q

______ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of _______.

A

d. Centrioles; microtubes

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53
Q

___________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________.

A

b. The golgi complex, rough ER

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54
Q

_____ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.

A

d. Peroxisomes

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55
Q

_______ is not involved in protein synthesis.

A

a. Smooth ER

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56
Q

__________ gives structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through the cell.

A

e. The cytoskeleton

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57
Q

Listening to the natural sounds the body makes such as heart and lung sounds

A

Auscultation

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58
Q

Sounds from tapping on the body. Example : when a doctor taps your knee and listens to the reflex.

A

Percussion

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59
Q

Feeling the sounds the body makes. Example : taking pulse, palpating a swollen lymph node

A

Palpation

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60
Q

Structures in the body we don’t need / use anymore as humans evolve. Example : the appendix - can be removed from humans now

A

Vestigial Organs / Structures

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61
Q

Chemical reactions in the body. Hint : digesting food.

A

Metabolism

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62
Q

Regulating the body to its normal set point Example : going on a run and cooling down, problem if the body is still running a fever / abnormal

A

Homeostasis

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63
Q

The study of organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. 4 categories : Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

A

Compounds

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64
Q

Consist of particles of matter called solute that mix with a more abundant substance (usually water) called the solvent. Solute can be gas, solid, or liquid. Must be small, don’t separate, pass through cell membrane.

A

Solutions

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65
Q

Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans

A

Minerals

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66
Q

Energy storing decomposition reaction (exergonic)

A

Catabolic Reaction

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67
Q

Energy releasing synthesis reaction (endergonic)

A

Anabolism

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68
Q

How living cells form polymers. A hydroxyl (OH) is removed from one monomer and hydrogen (H) from another - makes water once evaporated.

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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69
Q

A water molecule ionizing into (OH) and (H). OH is added to one monomer and H is added to the other

A

Hydrolysis

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70
Q

Mutations : changes in genetic structure

A

Evolution

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71
Q

Varieties of an element that differ from one another only in the number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass

A

Isotope

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72
Q

Surface film on surface water due to molecules being held together by a force called ___

A

Surface tension

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73
Q

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy, molecule is reduced when accepting electrons

A

Reductive

74
Q

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy, molecule is oxidized in this process

A

Oxidation

75
Q

Major component in cell membrane, assists in fat digestion

A

Phospholipids

76
Q

Cell that is hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

Amphiphilic

77
Q

Polymers of nucleotides. RNA and DNA are this ___

A

Nucleic Acid

78
Q

Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)

A

Polymers

79
Q

Made up of nitrogen base (single or double carbon - nitrogen ring), sugar and one or more phosphate groups. ATP is the best known ___ (adenine (nitrogen base), ribose (sugar), phosphate group (3)

A

Nucleotides

80
Q

Carries two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction (cotransport)

A

Symport

81
Q

Carries two of more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport). Sodium potassium pump brings in K and removes Na from cell

A

Antiport

82
Q

____ is the structure (heart shape)

A

Anatomy

83
Q

____ is the function (hearing with your ears)

A

Physiology

84
Q

If one fails so will the other, they rely on each other but they are not the same thing

A

Anatomy and physiology

85
Q

Sudden changes to the body, blood clotting, giving birth and the cervix changes - often dangerous

A

Positive feedback

86
Q

Knowing something in your body is wrong, being able to detect change, and adapt to it

A

Negative feedback

87
Q

The powerhouse of the cell
Extracts energy and transfers it to ATP
Detoxify ammonia
Convert amino acids to glucose

A

Mitochondria

88
Q

Largest organelle, only one clearly visible with a light microscope
Contains cells chromosomes, is the genetic control center of cellular activity
Most cells have a nucleus, a few don’t (mature red blood cells)

A

Nucleus

89
Q

Makes proteins from RNA

A

Ribosome

90
Q

Makes proteins, little network in the cytoplasm

A

Rough ER

91
Q

Makes steroids, little network in the cytoplasm

A

Smooth ER

92
Q

Gives the cell structure

A

Cytoskeleton

93
Q

Hairlike processes 7-10 um long
“Antenna” for monitoring nearby conditions, sensory in inner ear, retina, nasal cavity and kidney
Function still a mystery in some cases

A

Cilia

94
Q

Extensions of the cell membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area
Best developed in absorption areas such as kidneys and intestines

A

Microvilli

95
Q

Tail of sperm

A

Flagella

96
Q

Develops lysosomes, synthesize proteins for ER, adds carbs

A

Golgi Apparatus / Complex

97
Q

Cell death, autophagy / autolysis, kills cells at end of cell life or transfers / transforms them

A

Lysosomes

98
Q

Similar to lysosomes, made with hydrogen peroxide, takes out toxins (alcohol, drugs, etc)

A

Peroxisomes

99
Q

Fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane
Thick sticky material that allows things not to move around, all organelles are inside

A

Cytoplasm

100
Q

Surrounds cell, protects what is inside, defines boundaries, made of proteins and lipids, composition and function can vary from one region of the cell to another
Separates cell from body, protects what’s inside

A

Plasma membrane

101
Q

Substances that dissolve in water

A

Hydrophilic

102
Q

Substances that don’t dissolve in water

A

Hydrophobic

103
Q

Contribute to glycocalyx

A

Glycoproteins

104
Q

Coat cell membrane with carbs so it recognizes cells
Stiffen the cell membrane so it doesn’t fall apart
Anchored to cytoskeleton or drift freely in phospholipid film

A

Glycolipids

105
Q

Adhere to one face of the membrane
Tethered to the cytoskeleton

A

Peripheral proteins

106
Q

Know their function within the body
Know how a protein structure is determined

A

Proteins

107
Q

In plasma membrane
Source of energy
1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
Often built from sacchar or ose meaning sugar or sweet (Monosaccharide or gluclose)

A

Carbohydrates

108
Q

In plasma membrane
Hydrophobic organic molecule
Store energy, insulation and shock absorption
Important for muscles

A

Lipids

109
Q

5 types of lipids in humans

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

110
Q

Three fatty aids bonded to three carbon alcohol called glycerol
Each bond formed by dehydration synthesis
Broken down by hydrolysis
Liquid (oils) Solid (fats)

A

Triglycerides

111
Q

Cell communication via chemical signals
Surface proteins on plasma membrane of target cell
Bind hormones and neurotransmitters

A

Receptors

112
Q

Major scientist who made it possible to study biology?

A

Robert Hooke

113
Q

Proteins that function as biological proteins
All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions
Every substrate looks for substrate to male an activation site
Example : my key only works for my front door

A

How enzymes work

114
Q

High resolution microscope, dead and dried specimens seen using electron beams

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

115
Q

Microscope reveals plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

A

Light Microscope

116
Q

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen (98.5% of body weight)

A

Essential Elements

117
Q

12 elements only 0.7% of the body weight

A

Trace Elements

118
Q

Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

A

Element

119
Q

4 Covalent Bonds

A

Single covalent bond - one pair of electrons shared
Double covalent bond - two pairs of electrons shared
Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds - strongest of chemical bonds
Nonpolar (electrons shared equally)
Polar (electrons shared unequally)

120
Q

Relatively weak attraction between an anion and a cation

A

Ionic Bond

121
Q

Weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

A

Hydrogen Bond

122
Q

Weak brief interactions between neutral atoms

A

Van Der Waals

123
Q

The study of compounds containing carbon
Must have one carbon and one hydrogen

A

Organic Chemistry

124
Q

Four categories of carbon compounds

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids

125
Q

Study of carbon and hydrogen don’t bond

A

Inorganic Chemistry

126
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

127
Q

pH lower than 7

A

Acidic

128
Q

pH higher than 7

A

Alkaline

129
Q

pH of 7

A

Neutral

130
Q

Central carbon with three attachments

A

Amino Acids

131
Q

20 amino acids used to make proteins identical except for radical ® group
Properties of amino acids determined by R group

A

R Group

132
Q

Contain C=C bonds without hydrogen (liquid at room temp)

A

Unsaturated fats

133
Q

Carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen (solid at room temp)

A

Saturated fats

134
Q

Must be releasing energy, force things to leave or stay, they want it, they take it

A

Active transport (vesicular transport, exocytosis, endocytosis)

135
Q

Let things happen to you naturally (filtration, diffusion, osmosis) - split evenly

A

Passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, osmosis)

136
Q

Processes that move large particles, fluid droplets or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles

A

Vesicular transport

137
Q

Discharging material from the cell

A

Exocytosis

138
Q

Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell

A

Endocytosis

139
Q

The net movement of particles from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Simple diffusion

140
Q

Carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

141
Q

Process by which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

142
Q

Flow of water from one side of selectively permeable membrane to the other

A

Osmosis

143
Q

Move everything but water
Concentration of substance differs from one point to another

A

Concentration Gradient

144
Q

Swell (absorb water) Hint : Hippo (fat)

A

Hypotonic

145
Q

Skinny (lose water) Hint : hyper people are active

A

Hypertonic

146
Q

Stay the same (maintain water)

A

Isotonic

147
Q

The cells life cycle that extends from one division to the next

A

Cell cycle

148
Q

Mitosis / cell cycle phases

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

149
Q

Cell lives here for 90% of life

A

Interphase

150
Q

Chromosomes shorten and thicken, coil into compact rods
DNA twists / bonds

A

Prophase

151
Q

Chromosomes are aligned on cell equator
X’s go to middle of cell

A

Metaphase

152
Q

Activation of enzyme that cleaves to sister chromatids apart at centromere
String X’s (chromosome) break to V’s

A

Anaphase

153
Q

Chromatids cluster on each side of cell
Cell splits down middle

A

Telophase

154
Q

The division of cytoplasm into two cells

A

Cytokineses

155
Q

What your genes say is gonna happen to you / all the genes in your body

A

Genotype

156
Q

What actually happens physically to you on your genes

A

Phenotype

157
Q

Levels of organization

A

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
The Human Organism

158
Q

What structures combine to make other structures

A

Organism composed of organ systems
Organ system composed of organs
Organs composed of tissues
Tissues composed of cells
Cells composed of organelles
Organelles composed of molecules

159
Q

Stiffens the cell membrane so it doesn’t fall apart
20% of membrane lipids

A

Cholesterol

160
Q

Single (+) charge, mass = 1 atomic mass unit

A

Protons

161
Q

No charge, mass = 1 amu

A

Neutrons

162
Q

Single negative charge, very low mass
In concentric cloud that surround the nucleus

A

Electrons

163
Q

___ determine the chemical properties of an atom

A

Electrons

164
Q

Atom is electrically neutral because of the number of ___ is equal to the number of ___

A

Electrons, protons

165
Q

Atom that gains electrons (net negative charge)

A

Anion

166
Q

Atom that loses an electron (net a positive charge)

A

Cation

167
Q

Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms (AB + CD - ABCD - AC + BD)

A

Exchange Reaction

168
Q

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one (A + B - AB)

A

Synthesis Reaction

169
Q

Large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones (AB - A + B)

A

Decomposition

170
Q

All classes of sugar (carbohydrates)
Examples : glucose, galactose, fructose

A

Monosaccharide

171
Q

Sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides
Example : Sucrose - table sugar (glucose and fructose) Lactose - sugar in milk (lactose and galactose) Maltose - grain products (glucose and glucose)

A

Disaccharide

172
Q

Long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)
Example : Glycogen - energy storage polysaccharide in animals, Starch - energy storage polysaccharide in plants, Cellulose - structural molecule of plant cell walls

A

Polysaccharide

173
Q

Study of cells (coined by Robert Hooke)

A

Cytology

174
Q

New cells are made of old cells

A

Theodor Schwann

175
Q

“Spontaneous cells” cells that can replace themselves

A

Louis Pasteur

176
Q

Fluid inside cell - cytosol

A

Intracellular Fluid

177
Q

Fluid outside the cell
Example : blood

A

Extracellular Fluid

178
Q

Most in body, fish cell shape
Thin and flat with nucleus creating buldge

A

Squamous

179
Q

Starlike cell shape

A

Stellate

180
Q

Tall and skinny cell shape
Taller than wide

A

Columnar

181
Q

Round to oval cell shape

A

Spheroid

182
Q

Dice cell shape

A

Cuboidal

183
Q

Thin, pointy ends cell shape

A

Fusiform

184
Q

Red blood cell looking

A

Discoid

BIO 150 (1 decks)

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