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Biology 1110 > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Emergent Properties

A

new properties arise with each step up the hierarchy

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2
Q

How is info transmitted within organisms? How is it transmitted among organisms?

A

Within - nerve impulses
Among - outward behavior

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3
Q

DNA

A

made of nucleotides. holds info for building proteins.

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4
Q

How is energy released from living systems as it’s transferred?

A

heat

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5
Q

What is the purpose of chemical bonds for living organisms?

A

primary location for energy storage and release

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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

different-feeders, eat other organisms

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7
Q

Autotrophs

A

different-feeders, use other organisms

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8
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

Energy from the sun, CO2, and H2O go in, C6H12O6, O2, and H2O come out

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9
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A

CO2 and energy from the sun go in, organic molecules and ATP released (organic goes back in)

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10
Q

What does evolution account for?

A

unity and diversity

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11
Q

Descent with Modification

A

organisms are descended from common ancestor with changes over time

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12
Q

Binomial System of Nomenclature

A

each species has a 2-part name

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13
Q

Taxonomy

A

naming and classifying organisms

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14
Q

Taxa in Order

A

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

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15
Q

Bacteria Domain

A

only one kingdom: bacteria

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16
Q

Archea Domain

A

only one kingdom (archea), extremophiles

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17
Q

Extremophiles

A

bacteria cells that can survive extreme temp, pH, etc.

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18
Q

Eukarya Domain

A

4 kingdoms: protista (misfits), plantae (plants), animalia (us), fungi (decomposing eukaryotes)

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19
Q

Element

A

substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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20
Q

Atom

A

smallest portion of element that retains its chemical properties

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21
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons

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22
Q

Atomic Mass

A

protons and neutrons

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23
Q

Ion

A

electrically charged atom that’s the result of gain/loss of electrons

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24
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion

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25
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

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26
Q

How is a cation generated?

A

loses an electron

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27
Q

How is an anion generated?

A

gains an electron

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28
Q

Isotope

A

atoms of same element with different number of neutrons

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29
Q

Molecule

A

stable particle composed of 2 or more atoms joined by chemical bond

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30
Q

Compound

A

particle composed of 2 or more different elements

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31
Q

Hydrogen has how many electrons in its valence shell?

A

one

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32
Q

How does Hydrogen fill its valence shell? How does it empty it?

A

shares with another Hydrogen (H2) or loses it (H+)

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33
Q

Covalent Bond

A

electrons shared between 2 atoms

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34
Q

Ionic Bond

A

chemical attraction between ions

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35
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

weak bond between H+ and an electronegative atom

36
Q

Polar

A

one end is positive and the other is negative

37
Q

How are water molecules bonded?

A

hydrogen bonds

38
Q

Acid

A

disassociate into a solution that yields H+ ions

39
Q

Base

A

disassociate into a solution that yields OH- ions

40
Q

the pH scale is _____________.

A

logarithmic

41
Q

Organic Compound

A

compound in which Carbon is covalently bonded to more Carbons to form a backbone

42
Q

How many valence electrons does Carbon have?

A

4

43
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

large molecules containing Carbon and Hydrogen

44
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

45
Q

Functional Groups

A

groups attached to hydrocarbon that function a certain way and change properties of organic molecules

46
Q

Polymers

A

molecules made of repeating subunits

47
Q

Condensation Reaction / Dehydration Synthesis

A

removes H2O, how polymers form

48
Q

Hydrolysis

A

adds H2O, how polymers break down

49
Q

Carbohydrates

A

energy source for cell, structural component of cell wall

50
Q

Monosaccharide

A

one sugar unit

51
Q

Starch

A

polymer of glucose, main storage carb for plants

52
Q

Glycogen

A

main storage carb for animals

53
Q

Cellulose

A

used in cell wall

54
Q

Glucosamine

A

amino sugar in arthropod exoskeletons, fungal cell walls, and vertebrae skeletal system

55
Q

Lipid

A

hydrophobic molecule made of Hydrogen and Carbon with a few Oxygen containing functional groups

56
Q

Triaglycerol

A

glycerol head with 3 fatty acid chains

57
Q

Saturated Fat

A

solid at room temp, animal sources, single covalent bond

58
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

liquid at room temp, plant source, double covalent bond (causes bent shape)

59
Q

Phospholipid

A

amphipathic lipid with 2 fatty acid chains

60
Q

Steroids

A

hormones, bile salts, cholesterol

61
Q

Amino Acid

A

subunit of protein

62
Q

Peptide Bond

A

join amino acids in condensation reaction

63
Q

Primary Structure

A

linear a.a. sequence

64
Q

Secondary Structure

A

due to Hydrogen bonds, helix and pleats

65
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

3D, interaction of side chains

66
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

overall shape of complete protein

67
Q

Denaturation

A

disruption of secondary-quaternary structure (loses shape)

68
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

polymers linked by nucleotides

69
Q

What do cells exchange with the environment?

A

energy and material

70
Q

Why do cells need a large SA:V ratio?

A

if the ratio is too small, the cell membrane is not big enough to support all exchanges needed to function

71
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

no nucleus or membranous organelles, circular chromosomes

72
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

linear chromosome, membranous organelles and nucleus

73
Q

Golgi Complex

A

flat, membranous sacs. sort and modify proteins from ER.

74
Q

Endomembrane System

A

network of membranous organelles. includes nucleus, ER, golgi, and vesicles

75
Q

Energy Converting Organelles

A

Mitchondria and Chloroplasts

76
Q

Mitchondria

A

site of cellular respiration

77
Q

Chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

78
Q

Ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

79
Q

Lysosome

A

digestive enzyme filled vesicle

80
Q

Peroxisome

A

detoxifying enzyme filled vesicle

81
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

maze of parallel membranes, attached to nucleus and extends

82
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

aids in protein synthesis

83
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

lipid synthesis

84
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers, structure and function

85
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

meshwork around animal cells

86
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic cells. Proof found through DNA.

Biology 1110 (1 decks)

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