Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards by Taylor Bishop

Emergent Properties

new properties arise with each step up the hierarchy

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How is info transmitted within organisms? How is it transmitted among organisms?

Within - nerve impulses
Among - outward behavior

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DNA

made of nucleotides. holds info for building proteins.

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How is energy released from living systems as it’s transferred?

heat

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What is the purpose of chemical bonds for living organisms?

primary location for energy storage and release

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Heterotrophs

different-feeders, eat other organisms

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Autotrophs

different-feeders, use other organisms

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Photosynthesis Equation

Energy from the sun, CO2, and H2O go in, C6H12O6, O2, and H2O come out

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Cellular Respiration Equation

CO2 and energy from the sun go in, organic molecules and ATP released (organic goes back in)

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What does evolution account for?

unity and diversity

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Descent with Modification

organisms are descended from common ancestor with changes over time

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Binomial System of Nomenclature

each species has a 2-part name

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Taxonomy

naming and classifying organisms

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Taxa in Order

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

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Bacteria Domain

only one kingdom: bacteria

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Archea Domain

only one kingdom (archea), extremophiles

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Extremophiles

bacteria cells that can survive extreme temp, pH, etc.

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Eukarya Domain

4 kingdoms: protista (misfits), plantae (plants), animalia (us), fungi (decomposing eukaryotes)

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Element

substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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Atom

smallest portion of element that retains its chemical properties

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Atomic Number

number of protons

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Atomic Mass

protons and neutrons

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Ion

electrically charged atom that’s the result of gain/loss of electrons

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Cation

positively charged ion

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Anion

negatively charged ion

How is a cation generated?

loses an electron

How is an anion generated?

gains an electron

Isotope

atoms of same element with different number of neutrons

Molecule

stable particle composed of 2 or more atoms joined by chemical bond

Compound

particle composed of 2 or more different elements

Hydrogen has how many electrons in its valence shell?

one

How does Hydrogen fill its valence shell? How does it empty it?

shares with another Hydrogen (H2) or loses it (H+)

Covalent Bond

electrons shared between 2 atoms

Ionic Bond

chemical attraction between ions

Hydrogen Bond

weak bond between H+ and an electronegative atom

Polar

one end is positive and the other is negative

How are water molecules bonded?

hydrogen bonds

Acid

disassociate into a solution that yields H+ ions

Base

disassociate into a solution that yields OH- ions

the pH scale is _____________.

logarithmic

Organic Compound

compound in which Carbon is covalently bonded to more Carbons to form a backbone

How many valence electrons does Carbon have?

Hydrocarbons

large molecules containing Carbon and Hydrogen

Isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

Functional Groups

groups attached to hydrocarbon that function a certain way and change properties of organic molecules

Polymers

molecules made of repeating subunits

Condensation Reaction / Dehydration Synthesis

removes H2O, how polymers form

Hydrolysis

adds H2O, how polymers break down

Carbohydrates

energy source for cell, structural component of cell wall

Monosaccharide

one sugar unit

Starch

polymer of glucose, main storage carb for plants

Glycogen

main storage carb for animals

Cellulose

used in cell wall

Glucosamine

amino sugar in arthropod exoskeletons, fungal cell walls, and vertebrae skeletal system

Lipid

hydrophobic molecule made of Hydrogen and Carbon with a few Oxygen containing functional groups

Triaglycerol

glycerol head with 3 fatty acid chains

Saturated Fat

solid at room temp, animal sources, single covalent bond

Unsaturated Fat

liquid at room temp, plant source, double covalent bond (causes bent shape)

Phospholipid

amphipathic lipid with 2 fatty acid chains

Steroids

hormones, bile salts, cholesterol

Amino Acid

subunit of protein

Peptide Bond

join amino acids in condensation reaction

Primary Structure

linear a.a. sequence

Secondary Structure

due to Hydrogen bonds, helix and pleats

Tertiary Structure

3D, interaction of side chains

Quaternary Structure

overall shape of complete protein

Denaturation

disruption of secondary-quaternary structure (loses shape)

Nucleic Acid

polymers linked by nucleotides

What do cells exchange with the environment?

energy and material

Why do cells need a large SA:V ratio?

if the ratio is too small, the cell membrane is not big enough to support all exchanges needed to function

Prokaryotic Cell

no nucleus or membranous organelles, circular chromosomes

Eukaryotic Cell

linear chromosome, membranous organelles and nucleus

Golgi Complex

flat, membranous sacs. sort and modify proteins from ER.

Endomembrane System

network of membranous organelles. includes nucleus, ER, golgi, and vesicles

Energy Converting Organelles

Mitchondria and Chloroplasts

Mitchondria

site of cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis

Lysosome

digestive enzyme filled vesicle

Peroxisome

detoxifying enzyme filled vesicle

Endoplasmic Reticulum

maze of parallel membranes, attached to nucleus and extends

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

aids in protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

lipid synthesis

Cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers, structure and function

Extracellular Matrix

meshwork around animal cells

Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic cells. Proof found through DNA.