Exam 1 study guide Flashcards
what is the ANA code of ethics, and what does this organization do?
The ANA code of ethics was adopted in 1950 and revised in 2015. This code defines what a nurse’s role in clinical research, as well as responsibility for clinical studies. Moreover, the nurse’s responsibility to the integrity of a study or clinical trial.
What are State Nursing Practice Acts, and what do they do?
State Nursing Practice Acts define the standards of practice on a individual state level.
Is there a federal nursing body or law?
no! there is no Federal nursing body.
define autonomy in a nursing setting and what we have to be aware of with autonomy.
Autonomy in a nursing setting is letting the patient do things without assistance. We must be aware of respecting the patient’s wish.
What is Beneficence in a nursing setting?
Beneficence is defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.
How can Beneficence get us the Nurse in trouble?
Beneficence can get us into trouble; a cousin who came from a religious family got cancer during pregnancy and didn’t get chemo, so the cousin’s care was delayed, but the daughter survived. In that situation what was the right choice?
What is Justice, and how does it apply to the Nursing field?
Patient’s have a right to a fair an impartial care or treatment. This applies to Nurses in the context of giving Covid-19 Vaccines. Who do we give them to, or who do we treat first in an emergency.
How do we as nurses respect a person or patient’s wish.
Should a patient want a door closed while reciving treatment, close it. Next if a person refuses chemotherapy
what is informed consent? Is informed consent safe for us as nurses for legality issues?
Informed consent is defined as the patient’s choice to have a treatment or procedure which is based on their full understanding of the treatment or procedure, its benefits, its risks, and any alternatives to the particular treatment or procedure. All clients have the legal right to autonomy and self-determination to accept or reject all treatments and interventions.
This can have legal issues as we can never infer consent, as well as we must make sure the patient knows what the surgery or procedure is about.
What is a brand name for a drug? What is an example of this?
Proprietary names are owned by a pharmaceutical company.
An example is acetaminophen, or Tylenol.
What is a trade name for a drug? what is an example of this?
a trade name is the same as a brand name. An example is acetaminophen, or Tylenol.
what is a proprietary name for a drug and an example?
A proprietary name is the same as a trade, or brand name. An example is ibuprofen or advil.
What is a chemical name for a drug?
Chemical names describe the chemical structure of a drug.
what is an example of a chemical name for a drug?
acetylcysteine or ACA
What is a Generic name for a drug, as well as an example?
a generic name is second name for a drug that usually has been approved for OVC use. Loratadine or Claritin(brand name)
what is a controlled substance? What is an example of a controlled substance?
a drug kept under watch and requires a prescription to be given. An example of a controlled substance is Morphine or Ativan.
What is an Over The Counter Drug or OVC, and what is an example of one?
a drug purchasable over the counter at a drug store. Advil is an example.
What is absorption and where does it take mostly?
its the simple diffusion across the lipid bi-layer, it takes place mostly in the small intestine.
what biological part helps with absorption?
villi, it increase the surface are a of the small intestine.
What is bioavailability, and how does antacids affect this when taking pain medication along with it?
How much drug will become active. Think albumin is a bus, and only so much drug gets picked up and moved around. With antacids, it slows the absorption of the pain med, if any absorption and decreases bioavailability.
What is active transport? Moreover, where is this present in the body?
movement across a layer to create a concentration gradient. Uses ATP or energy. Phagocytosis of macrophages.
What is passive transport
Passive transport is a movement across a membrane From High to Low used to drive the movement of substances.
What is facilitated diffusion?
facilitated diffusion is the movement across a membrane from high to low through the use of a carrier protein usually.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement across a membrane that flows from high to low.
what is pinocytosis? what type of diffusion is this?
Pinocytosis Cell carriers drugs across membrane by engulfing drug particles. this type of diffusion is active transport because it uses energy to move across the membrane.
What is distribution, and what is the main system associated with it?
distribution is the 2nd step in the drug administration process, where it is moved through the body after the drug has been metabolized. The system most associated with it is the circulatory system.
What is the main transport protein? Think of it like a bus ;)
Albumin
What are the 3 levels of protein binding
low, medium, and highly reactive protein binding
What is free drug?
the free drug is a drug that has gotten off the bus and is now active!
If a patient is taking a medium reactive drug and we introduce a highly reactive drug for treatment, what will happen?
The high protein bind one will elbow the lower binding one off the bus or albumin and make it a free or active drug, increasing its concentration.
What are the roadblocks to drug distribution?
The blood-brain barrier, hepatic portal system, phospholipid Bi-layer
What kind of molecules move through the phospholipid Bi-layer easily, and what do not?
Lipid soluble moves through the layer easily, while polar and ionized ones do not.
What is metabolism/ biotransformation? What organ is mostly associated with this step of drug administration?
The breakdown of drugs into excretable waste. The liver is mostly associated with this step of drug administration.
How does the Hepatic system work in terms of drug metabolism?
The hepatic or liver system is like a filter for drugs. Some drugs will experience a first-pass effect and will not work the second time through the body. This system protects the heart from toxins mainly, but serves as a roadblock for us to administer drugs around.
How do drugs flow into the hepatic system?
Drugs enter the bloodstream, then into the hepatic vein, and then into the liver. Next, those drugs are metabolized, broken down into waste, and exits the liver.
What are induction and inhibition?
Induction is to increase the effect of certain enzymes, while inhibition stops the use of certain enzymes.
what does the Liver behave like in terms of induction and inhibition?
The liver is like a wood fire stove. When induction is going the fire is burning hot so things are metabolized more quickly. When inhibition is going on it’s like smothering the flames with wet leaves. the metabolism is slowed down .
What is a drug’s half-life?
The time it takes for half the concentration to be excreted i.e. 1000 -> to 500 concentration than 500 -> 250.
What is Pharmacodynamics?
dynamic means action so pharmacodynamics means drug actions
What is an agonist?
An agonist is a drug that activates something usually a good response we want to happen.
what is an antagonistic drug?
something that blocks activation.
what are antagonistc affects?
Antagonistic drug are effects one drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other drug 1 + 1 = 0
What is maximal efficacy?
At a certain point more drug will not help or the maximum effectiveness.
What are non-selective drug binders?
These drugs affect many receptors
What are non-specific drug binders?
These drugs affect multiple receptor sites
What is the onset of action?
How long it takes the drug to work
What is the peak of the drug graph?
the highest concentration in blood
What is the trough level?
the lowest level of concentration in the blood
What is the steady state?
The concentration around which the drug concentration consistently stays.
What is the therapeutic range?
The dosage range or blood plasma or serum concentration is usually expected to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
What happens when therapeutic ranges overlap?
patient may die/ have adverse effects
what is therapeutic drug monitoring?
peak drug level, highest plasma concentration of drug at a specfic time we the nurse are checking for this to stay between the MEC and toxic level.
What are drug receptors?
spaces drugs bind to to induce certain actions
What is the blood-brain barrier?
a part in the body that protects the brain from toxins.
What is the dose-response relationship?
after administering a drug, what will be on the drug curve usually it goes up and that increases the response.
What is an additive effect?
drugs the act like 1+1 together
What are drug side effects?
Side effects are secondary things can be lift threatening or severe unintentional, unexpected, desirable or undesirable
what are synergistic effects?
1 + 1 = 6, two drugs react together and make a larger effect than normal
What are adverse drug reactions?
same as side effects. Side effects are secondary things can be lift threatening or severe unintentional, unexpected, desirable or undesirable
what is drug interaction?
altered drug effects due to interaction with another drug
What is drug toxicity?
drug level exceeds the therapeutic range
What is photosensitivity?
drug-induced skin reaction caused by sunlight exposure. Like most antibiotics some psych meds
what is the placebo effect?
taking a sugar pill and feeling better even though no actual treatment was given
what is potency?
the amount of drug needed to give a physiologic response
What is tachyphylaxis?
Tachyphylaxis is a condition where people experience a sudden decrease in effectiveness after taking a medication.
What is pharmacogenetics?
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs.
What is pharmacogenomics?
is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs
what is a Placebo?
a sugar pill treatment no acutal treatment induced
What is the ANA code of ethics, and what does this organization do?
The ANA code of ethics was adopted in 1950 and revised in 2015. This code defines what a nurse’s role in clinical research, as well as responsibility for clinical studies. Moreover, the nurse’s responsibility to the integrity of a study or clinical trial.
