Exam 1 Study Deck Flashcards by Abigail Roark

Changes in heritable characteristics of a population over time is called _________.

Evolution

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A group of related organisms that share a distinctive form constitute a(n) _________.

Species

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The modern concept of a species, which was based on the capability of individuals of the same species to interbreed, was introduced by ______.

John Ray

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What scientist was influenced by Malthus’ paper and played a key role in developing the theory that existing species evolve from pre-existing species?

Charles Darwin

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In 1859, Darwin published his ideas on evolution and described his observational support in the book called Blank______.

On the Origin of Species

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Heritable change in traits of a population from one generation to the next is called Blank______.

Evolution

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During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, “The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result.” What statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student’s misconception?

Characteristics acquired during an organism’s life are generally not passed on through genes.

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Which of the following statements is typically used as a working definition of species?

A group of related individuals that share a distinctive form.

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Recently, what type of evidence has allowed biologists more insight into how genetic changes relate to the evolution of new species?

Molecular

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The English naturalist John Ray introduced the modern concept of a(n) __________.

Species

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What term best describes programs and procedures designed to modify traits in domesticated species?

Selective Breeding

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The scientist who recorded information about the natural world on the voyage of the HMS Beagle and developed a theory that existing species have evolved from pre-existing species was __________ __________.

Charles Darwin

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Biogeography is the study of ______.

the geographic distribution of modern and extinct species

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Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species (1859) sparked much debate but also provided a foundation of Blank______ theory.

Evolutionary

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When two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, then what has occurred?

Convergent Evolution

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Darwin’s theory of evolution is also known as Blank______.

descent with modification through variation and natural selection.

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Prior to the development of tools to analyze DNA and protein sequences, which of the following provided evidence of biological evolution?

Selective breeding experiments

Comparative anatomy

Fossil Record

Distribution of related species

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True or False: Even though the fossil record is still incomplete, there are many examples where fossils provide information on the evolution of a series of related organisms.

True

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Programs and procedures that involve choosing parents with particular characteristics to mate and produce offspring with desirable traits are described by the term __________ __________.

selective breeding

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In biology, the term which refers to a similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor is __________.

homology

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The study of the geographic distribution of modern and extinct species is called

biogeography

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What is an example of taxonomy?

Classification of butterflies based on spot coloration patterns

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The process whereby organisms that are not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar habitats is termed __________ evolution.

convergent

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Which of the following elements are required in a taxonomic hierarchy?

Nested groups

Successive levels

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What is a taxon?

A group of related organisms at any hierarchical level

Sets of fossils that demonstrate evolutionary changes in a series of related species Blank______.

have been discovered with many examples

Which taxon was originally the highest and most inclusive?

Kingdom

Which of the following terms indicates similarity due to a common origin?

Homology

Place the systems of taxonomy in chronological order. Begin at the top with the oldest system.

Two kingdoms: plants and animals Five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Which of the following are activities that would fall under the discipline of taxonomy?

Using dental structures to classify carnivores Naming a newly discovered species

What kingdom includes all prokaryotic organisms, using the old five-kingdom system of classification?

Monera

What term describes a system of organization that involves successive levels?

Hierarchy

What is a domain?

A taxonomic level above kingdom

The groups of the taxonomic hierarchy are called Blank______.

Taxa

In the current taxonomic system, all forms of life are grouped into __________ domains.

three

In the classification system originally proposed by Linnaeus, the highest and most inclusive taxonomic level was the __________.

kingdom

Place the taxonomic levels listed below in order of decreasing numbers of species that they contain. Start with the taxon having the most species on top, and end with the taxon that contains the fewest species at the bottom.

Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Which of the following taxonomic groups are no longer recognized as kingdoms today?

Monera Protista

Recent studies on giraffes across Africa suggest that they constitute ______ different species.

In the five-kingdom system, the kingdom that included all prokaryotic organisms was called

Monera

The standard method of naming species using a two-part name is called __________ nomenclature.

binomial

In the current system used for taxonomy, all organisms are placed into three categories of life. Each of these categories is called a(n) __________.

domain

What term describes the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species?

phylogeny

Into how many domains of life are living things grouped?

Phylogenetic trees are diagrams used to represent hypotheses about the __________ relationships among organisms.

evolutionary

Which of the following correctly describes the taxonomic hierarchy under the Kingdom level?

phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What is the purpose of systematics?

To organize groups into clades

Giraffes were once thought to be a single species. However, a 2016 analysis of ______ concludes that there are four distinct species of giraffes.

DNA Samples

Structures that are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor are termed __________ structures.

Homologous

Currently, what system of nomenclature is the standard way of designating species?

Binomial

In the current classification system, the two domains of prokaryotic organisms are __________ and __________.

bacteria and archaea

To represent the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species, biologists can construct a(n) __________.

phylogenetic tree

The uniquely extreme habitats that the Archaea exploit include those with high Blank______.

Temperature Salinity Acidity

What do phylogenetic trees portray?

evolutionary relationships

While domain Archaea includes 5 phyla, molecular studies suggest that domain Bacteria contains about Blank______ phyla.

In modern systematics, species are organized into monophyletic groups based on their evolutionary relationships; that is, they are organized into Blank______.

clades

Traits that are shared between species because the species evolved from a common ancestor are referred to as ______ traits.

homologous

Prokaryotes are divided into two domains. Which ones?

Bacteria and archaea

Genes are transferred from parent to offspring in a process called __________ gene transfer; however, a cell receives genetic material from another cell without being the offspring of that cell in a process called __________ gene transfer.

vertical; horizontal

Unlike most bacteria and eukaryotes, archaea have the ability to live in areas with Blank______.

High temperature levels High methane levels

Protists are Blank______.

eukaryotes

Of the more than 50 phyla in the domain Bacteria, the two that are most diverse and relevant to eukaryotic cell evolution, global ecology and human activity are Blank______.

cyanobacteria and proteobacteria

Organisms within the Protista can be informally grouped based on Blank______.

ecological role

Plankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton are informal groupings of protists classified according to Blank______.

habitat

Which of the following are structures that protists utilize to swim?

Cilia Flagella

Horizontal gene transfer occurs Blank______, while vertical gene transfer occurs Blank______.

from species to species; from parent to progeny

Newly discovered species and results from molecular genetic methods have resulted in Blank______.

a constantly changing classification of the protists

The term protist comes from a Greek word that reflects the observation that these organisms were Earth's __________ eukaryotes.

first

The process in which an organism consumes an object by surrounding the object in a vesicle of plasma membrane, which then pinches off within the cytoplasm, and digesting the object by secreting enzymes within the vesicle is known as Blank______.

phagocytosis

Protists can be grouped into three types according to the __________ roles they fulfill within their environments.

ecological

Photosynthetic protists with primary or secondary plastids that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular and may or may not possess flagella are close relatives of Blank______.

land plants

Which of the following are informal groups of protists classified according to habitat?

Plankton Periphyton

Protists have evolved diverse ways for locomotion. For example, swimming can occur by means of appendages called __________ and __________.

flagella and cilia

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Alveolata?

Cellulose plates Flagella or cilia Sac-like, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery Secondary or tertiary plastids

Protist classification continues to change because Blank______.

Molecular genetic methods reveal previously unknown relationships new species are still being discovered

The eukaryotic supergroup Blank______ includes a wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists that have secondary plastids and produce cells with flagellar hairs.

stramenopila

The cellular process by which an organism obtains energy from a food particle by digesting the particle with enzymes inside a cytoplasmic vesicle is known as __________.

phagocytosis

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Rhizaria?

Filose pseudopobia Secondary green plastids

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some of the close protist relatives of land plants?

Flagella Primary plastids Unicellularity multicellularity

Protists that move via extension of pseudopodia are members of which eukaryotic supergroup?

Amodbozoa

Plankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton are informal groupings of protists classified according to Blank______.

habitat

Protists and related organisms that are characterized by a single posterior flagellum on swimming cells are classified in which eukaryotic supergroup?

Opisthokonta

Diverse protists that possess saclike membrane vesicles at the cell periphery, and may have cilia or flagella for movement, are classified in the supergroup called __________.

alveolata

In the taxonomic hierarchy, the fungi make up a(n) __________.

kingdom

Select all of the characteristics that can be found in members of the supergroup Stramenopila.

Silica cell walls Multicellularity Flagellar hairs

Which of the following fungal phyla is considered early-diverging?

Chytridiomycota (flagellated)

Flagellate or amoeboid protists with filose pseudopodia are members of what eukaryotic supergroup?

Rhizaria

Protists that possess pseudopodia, such as the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, are members of the eukaryotic supergroup __________.

amoebozoa

Members of the eukaryotic supergroup Opisthokonta are characterized by possession of Blank______.

swimming cells with a single posterior flagellum

What is a mycelium?

a fungal body form composed of branched hyphae

What level of taxonomic designation is the group known as Fungi?

kingdom

The fungus structure that is circled in this figure is a Blank______.

mycelium

Select all late-diverging phyla of the Kingdom Fungi.

Basidiomycota Mucoromycota Ascomycota

What are septate hyphae?

Hyphae that contain perforated cross walls

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Rhizaria?

Secondary Green Plastids Filose Pseudopodia

A mushroom is an example of a(n) Blank______.

Fruiting body

Fungal hyphae grow from areas that are Blank______ into areas that are Blank______.

poor in nutrients; rich in nutrients

Fungal hyphae are Blank______.

filaments composed of fungal cells

The fungal structure that is circled in this figure is a(n)

mycelium

What are aseptate hyphae?

multinucleate hyphae that are not partitioned into cells

An example of a(n) Blank______ is a mushroom.

Fruiting body

Select all characteristics of hyphal growth in fungi.

Rapid Growth Growth toward nutrient-rich areas growth at the tips