Exam 1 Study Deck Flashcards
1
Q
What is symbiosis
A
The interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
2
Q
What are the 3 kinds of symbiosis?
A
-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
3
Q
What is commensalism
A
When species 1 benefits from species 2. Species 2 is neither benefiting nor being harmed from species 1
4
Q
What is mutualism
A
When species 1 and species 2 benefit from eachother
5
Q
What is parasitism
A
When species 1 benefits from species 2. Species 2 is being harmed by species 1.
6
Q
What is kilo
A
1000 units
7
Q
What is hecto
A
100 units
8
Q
What is Deka
A
10 units
9
Q
What is Deci
A
-0.1 units
-1/10
-1m=10^-1
10
Q
What is centi
A
-0.01 units
-1/100
-1m=10^-2
11
Q
What is milli
A
-0.001 units
-1/1000
-1m=10^-3
12
Q
What is micro
A
-0.000001
-1/1000000
-1m=10^-6
13
Q
What is nano
A
-0.000000001
-1/1000000000
-1m=10^-9
14
Q
What are organisms that cause disease in another organism
A
Pathogens
15
Q
What is an infectious disease
A
An illness caused by germs (bacteria, viruses, fungi) that enter the body, multiply, and cause an infection
16
Q
What is an emergent infectious disease
A
Infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing.
Ex: Covid
17
Q
What are 3 different types of microbes
A
-Prokaryotic
-Eukaryotic
-Viruses
18
Q
Give an example of a prokaryotic microbes
A
-bacteria
-archea
19
Q
Give an example of eukaryotic microbes
A
-Fungi
-Algae
-Protists
-Helminths
20
Q
Why are helminths (parasitic worms) that are relatively large, considered microbes
A
Their eggs and larvae are studied in microbiology
21
Q
An organism who’s cell lack a nucleus
A
prokaryote
22
Q
an organism whose cell contains a nucleus
A
eukaryote
23
Q
What is an archaea
A
-prokaryotic
-different from bacteria in metabolic pathways, molecular structure, and genetics
-widespread and can live in extreme environments
-not pathogenic to humans
24
Q
What is a protist
A
-diverse, genetically distant group
-vary in size, appearance, and habitat
-includes algae and protozoa
25
What is algae
-mostly aquatic
-photosynthetic organism that possess cellulose in cell walls
26
What is agar
-derived from algae
used in microbio labs to culture microbes
27
What is protozoa
A diverse group that contains individuals with a variety of adaptations:
-flagella
-photosynthesis
-free-living
-parasitism
-etc.
28
What are fungi
-Not photosynthetic
-Cells walls are made of chitin
Ex: yeast and mold
29
What is yeast
Unicellular fungi that resemble coccus bacteria
30
What is mold
Filamentous fungi that decompose organic matter
31
What is a virus
-acellular/not made of cells
-not categorized as living
-genetic instructions (DNA or RNA) in a protein coat
-requires a cell to act as a host for reproduction
32
Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
-First to observe microorganisms
-designed a simple microscope (single lens) that allowed him to observe and perform experiments on microorganisms
33
Who was Robert Hooke
-First to observe/discover cells using a compound microscope
-Observed cells
-Made drawings of his observations of many organisms
34
Who was Francesco Redi
-Experiment on biogenesis/spontaneous generation
-two jars filled with decaying meat
1.unsealed jar = maggots
2.sealed jar= no maggots
conclusion: maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat and live flies are needed to create new flies
35
Who was Loius Pasteur
He discovered pasturization: the proccess of applying high heat to kill microbes that cause spoilage
36
Who was Joseph Lister
-"Father of modern surgery"
-used first antiseptic to sterilize surgical equipment
37
Who was Robert Koch
-He demonstrated that a particular germ could cause a specific disease.
-"One microbe, one disease"
38
Who was Carl Linnaeus
-Created the binomial nomenclature
-every organism has one scientific name in latin
-first part is the genus, second part is the species
39
What is an independent variable
-The part of the experiment that is being manipulated in order to see its effect on the dependent variable
-only 1
40
What is a dependent variable
-The part of the experiment that is being measured in order to see what the effect the independent variable has
-can be one or more
41
What is a constant
-Parts of the experiment that remain the same between different conditions
42
What is the difference between spontaneous generation and biogenesis
Spontaneous generation is when life comes from nonliving things, while biogenesis is when life must come from preexisting life
43
What was Pasteur's sterility experiment?
-Spontaneous generations or biogenesis
-boiled a curved flask
-conclusion: no living organism generated spontaneously from the sterile broth
-living organisms came from outside when exposed to the air
-disproves the spontaneous generation theory
44
What are early ideas of disease transmission
Diseases came from bad air
45
What is the taxonomic hierarchy (7)
From broad to specific:
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
46
Who was Carl Woese
-Proposed 3 domain system
47
Who was Lynn Margulis
-Proposed that eukaryotic organelles were originally prokaryotes
-Proposed the endosymbiotic theory: ancestral eukaryotes engulfed prokaryotic organisms which formed mutualistic, symbiotic relationships with its host
48
What is a phylogeny
The evolutionary relationships between different taxa
49
What is a branch and a node in a phylogenetic tree and how do you read it?
-Branch: a line that represents a taxa
-Node: a point where two or more branches connect, representing the last common ancestral taxa between the connected branched
How to read: The further away the node is from the ends of the branches, the less related the two taxa are
50
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-prokaryotes have no membrane while eukaryotes have membranes
-Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes
-Prokaryotes have DNA in nucleoid region, eukaryotes have DNA in the nucleus
-prokaryotes have 1 circular chromosome, eukaryotes have several linear chromosomes
-prokaryotes have 70S ribosome, eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes
-prokaryotes divide by binary fission, and eukaryotes divide by mitosis
51
What is classification
-The process of placing organisms into related groups with other organisms with the same characteristics
-helps us to understand the relation between the organisms
-understand shared characteristics between organisms
52
What is identification
-The process of determining the identity of the species of an unknown organism. Often classification is used to identify a species
-helps in diagnosis and choosing treatments
-helps in protection against or removal of contaminants
-helps in propagation of the beneficial microbes
53
What is a culture
-Microbes grown together at a certain time
-could be identical or different from each other
54
What is a clone/colony
-A population of cells that are descendants of one parental cell
-They are genetically identical to each other and their parental cell
55
What is a strain
-A genetic variant of a particular species
-They are slightly different from the original parental cell
56
What are 4 identification methods
-cultural growth
-phenotypic approach
-biochemical approach
-molecular approach
57
What is a fixed slide/fixation
Fixation is a treatment of cells with heat/ chemicals that preserve the cellular structure and proteins and provide protection from damage
58
What are the 5 steps of staining
1.smear: thin layer of specimen spread on slide
2.Fixation/ create a fixed slide
3.primary stain: colors all cells
4.Decolorization: removal of excess stain or stain that is not trapped by cellular structures
5.Counterstain: creates contrast to the primary stain by coloring parts of the cells that were not stained by the primary stain in a different color
59
What are 6 common morphologies
-coccus
-bacillus
-vibrio
-coccobacillus
-spirillum
-spirochete
60
What are 4 common arrangements
-staphylo- (clusters)
-strepto- (chain)
-diplo
-tetrad
61
What are the steps to gram staining
-create heat fixed smear
-add drops of crystal violet, let sit for 60 sec
-rinse
-add gram's iodine and let sit for 60 sec
-rinse
-decolorize with 95% ethanol until no more crystal violet comes out
-rinse
-add safranin (counterstain) and let sit for 60 sec
-rinse with water and gently blot
-observe under microscope with oil
62
What color are gram positive cells? What color are gram negative cells
gram positive cells are purple
gram negative cells are pink/red
63
What is the purpose of acid fast staining?
-differential staining
-used for diagnosis of a number of specific diseases are caused by acid fast bacteria
64
What are the steps of acid fast staining
-heat fixed stain
-set up steam bath
-cover smear with cut square and add carbolfuchin (primary stain)
-add slide on top of steam bath and steam for 7 mins. dont let paper dry out
-remove paper with forceps
-decolorize slide with 6 drops of acid alcohol then rinse
-counter stain with methylene blue for 1 min
-observe with oil
65
What is color is acid-fast positive and acid-fast negative
acid-fast positive is pink
acid-fast negative is dark blue/purple
66
What is the purpose of a capsule stain
To reveal the presence of the bacterial capsule
67
What are the steps to a capsule stain
-obtain labeled slide
-add small drop of congo red
-aseptically transfer bacteria onto drop of congo red
-use clean slide to smear mixture as thinly as possible
-air dry slide
-add ferric chloride to cover smear and remove excess
-cover smear with 0.5% acid fuchsin solution and incubate for 1 min
-drain slide without water or blotting
-air dry slide
-observe with oil
68
What does the results of a capsule stain show/mean
if capsules are present, the capsule will not be stained, only the background. the background will be a dark purple.
69
What is the purpose of endospore staining
To recognize the presence of spores in bacterial vegetative cells
70
What are the steps to endospore staining
-prepare heat fixed slide
-set up steam bath
-add paper towel to slide and add malachite green
-steam slide for 5 mins
-rinse with water
-counterstain with safranin for 1 min
-rinse and blot with water for 1 min
-observe with oil
71
What does the results of endospore stains mean
endospores will appear blue/green
other structures will appear pink/red
72
What are some requirements for growth
-temp
-pH
-osmotic pressure
-nutrients
-vitamins
-oxygen
73
What is isotinic
-environment that has the same concentration of the solute as the inside of the cell
-no net movement
74
What is hypertonic
-solution that has a higher concentration of the solute than inside the cell
-water moves out of the cell
75
What is hypotonic
-environment that has less solute concentration than the concentration inside the cell
-water moves into the cell
76
What is complex media (undefined)
-contains extracts of yeasts, meat, or plants
77
What is synthetic (defined) media
-contains known composition and quantity of nutrients
78
What is enrichment media
-contains additives than enhance the growth of certain organisms
79
What is selective media
-media tha inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms and support the growth of the organism or interest
80
what is differential media
media that is used to distinguish colonies of different bacteria
81
What is doubling time
The time it takes for a population of bacteria to double in number
82
How do you count bacteria using a direct method
-count the number of living cells
83
How do you count bacteria using an indirect method
measure cell activites
84
What is serial dilution
dilution in a series of successive steps where the diluted sample at every step is used to prepare the next dilution
85
What is the equation for serial dilution
final concentration= (initial concentration)x(total dilution factor)
86
What are 3 types of microbes
-prokaryotic
