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Cell Bio 380 > EXAM 1 study > Flashcards

EXAM 1 study Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

A

Fimbriae

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2
Q

What is the function of a bacterium’s capsule?

A

protection

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3
Q

The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.

A

D

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4
Q

where is a bacrerial cells DNA Found

A

nucleoid region

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5
Q

in a bacterium where are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

what is the name given to the ridgid structure found outside of the plama membrane that surrounds and supports bacterial cell

A

cell wall

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7
Q

the _____ us te bacterial structure that acts as a selective bsrrier allwoing nutruents to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell

A

plasma membrane

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8
Q

The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.

A

C

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9
Q

cell theory

two major components

A
  1. living organisms are comprised of a cell or cells
  2. new cells come from pre existing cells
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10
Q

what are the characteristics common to all cells

A
  • boundry
    • cell membrane
    • +- cell wall
  • genetic material
    • DNA
  • use energy
    • organic molecules
    • light
    • inorganic
  • some cellular components
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11
Q

variations of energy

A
  • organotrophs (ex. Humans)
    • use organic molecules (sugars fats)
  • phototrophs (plants)
    • use light (inorganic)
    • CO2 and H20
  • lithotrophs
    • CH4 SH2 NH2
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12
Q

Nucleus

A
  • is where the genetic stored
  • has two membranes
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13
Q

ribosomes

A
  • has two subunits
  • small and large
  • you can find them seperatly
  • function: synthesis of proteins
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14
Q

Rough Endopasmic reticulum

A

attatched to the nucleous

has ribosomes attatched

function: syntesis of secretory proteins (designed to leave the cell)

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15
Q

nucleolus

A

inside of the nucleous

syntesises ribosome components

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16
Q

smooth edoplasmic reticulum

A

atttatched to the rough ER

function

  1. membrane synthesis (phospholipids)
  2. stores ions epecially Calcium++
  3. carbohydrate Metabalusm
  4. Detoxification
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17
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • two sides Cis and Trans
    • cis close to ER (secretory proteins)
    • trans close to cell membrane/lysosomes
  • modification of molecules
  • ships to destination
    • using vesicles
  • looks like stacks of pancakes
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18
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • energy creating
    • ATP cellular respiration
  • manny per cell
  • complex structure
  • double membrane
    • inner (convoluted)
    • outer
  • liquid space inside of the inner membrane called the matrix
  • liquid space inside of the outer memberane called the inter membrane
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19
Q

chloroplast

A

syntesis of carbohydrate

energy via photosyntesis

  • has two membrenes
    • inner memberane
    • outer membrane
  • stroma inside the inner membrane
    • has stacks of membranes
      • thylacoid membrnes
        • space inside are thylacoid space
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20
Q

lysosome

A
  • simple membrane bound organelle
  • degrigation of molocules
    • carbs
    • proteins
    • lipids
    • fats
  • use enzymes and acid enviroments low PH
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21
Q

peroxisome

A
  • simple membrane bound organelle
  • degrandes same molecules as lysosome
    • using oxidation reaxition
      • creates H2O2(hydrogenperoxide) which also breaks down molecules
    • Catalase +H2O2=H20
    • all happens within membrane to keep in check
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22
Q

valcuoles

A
  • food
    • mostly in plants
  • central
    • energy or food
    • ions
    • pigments
  • contractile vacuole
    • single cell organisms
      • counteracts osmosis by pumping out H20 that comes in from a hypotonic environment
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23
Q

prokarya

A
  • circular DNA
  • membrane
    • lipids(differnt from Eukarya)
  • no nucleous but has a nukleoid
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • has ribosomes (allll cells have)
  • cell size
    • 1-5 micrometers
  • cell wall
  • peptidoglican
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24
Q

Eukarya

A
  • DNA
    • chromatin and chromosomes
  • lipids(diff from prokarya)
  • has a nucleous
  • has membrane bound organells
  • has ribosomes ( every cell has these)
  • cell size
    • 10-100 micrometers
  • cell wall
    • cellulose(sugar based) and pectins
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25
Q

Cell evolution

A
  1. inorganic
    1. H20 NH3 H2
  2. organic molecules (simple)
    1. dehydration
      1. R-OH +H-R= R-R
  3. more complex organic organic compounds
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26
Q

why is RNA the first genetic material

A

RNA is able to self repicate and it has ENZyme abilities

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27
Q

magnification

A

10X ocular and 40X objective lens = 400x total magnification

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28
Q

resolution

A

ability to discriminate two very closley spaced objects

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29
Q

how do you change resolution

A
  • numerical aperature
    • higher is better
  • medium
    • RI higher= better
      • air=1.0
      • 0il=1.5
  • wave length
    • light shorter is better
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30
Q

light microscope

A

max magnification 1000x

max resolution .2 micrometers

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31
Q

brightfield vs darkfield

A
  • bright field
    • light microscope
    • background is light image is dark
  • darkfield
    • ligt microscope
    • background is dark and image is lighter
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32
Q

disecting microscope

A

max 30x

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33
Q

flourescent microscope

A
  • can only see flourescent molecules
  • relitivley short wave length shines on specimine and florecent light emits
  • specimine obsorbs the light and emits a longer wavelength light
    *
34
Q

confocal microscope

A
  • can view specific layers with out the blurryness of the other lyers by blocking out light from other layers
    *
35
Q

Differential interference microscope (DIC)

A
  • views the density of the specimin
  • comes out in gray scale ( no color)
  • shoots out a contro wave length
    • to an area with no specimine
  • then that same wave length is shot through the specimine
    • then compare the differnce
  • brighter if waves are synchronized (similar)
  • better for details
  • thick objects
  • outline of larger organelles
  • shadow effects
36
Q

phase contrast

A
  • views the density of the specimin
  • comes out in gray scale ( no color)
  • shoots out a contro wave length
  • to an area with no specimine
  • then that same wave length is shot through the specimine
  • then compare the differnce
  • brighter if waves are synchronized (similar)
  • single cell or thin section
  • location of larger organelles
  • movment of larger organelles
  • (blank and white surounding image)
37
Q

electron microscope

A
  • does not use light
    • no clolor
  • specim is in a vacume and coverd in heavy metal
    • no living specims
    • more prep
  • max magnification
    • 100000sX more than light
  • max resolution
    • .2 nm
38
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • surface structures
    • cell membrane
    • great details
39
Q

Tramission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A
  • internal components
    • cell organells
    • needs to be very thin
40
Q

cell fractionation

A
  • isolate cell coponents
    • open cell
      • high frequency sounds
      • chemically punch holed in membrane
      • mechanically (grinding it)
      • osmotic stress
        • put in a very dilute solute ( hypotonic)
  • then differental centrifugatiion
41
Q

flow cytometry

A

seperates differnt cell types using a laser

and a machine will separate and put into differnt compartments

42
Q

hybridization

A
  • find specific nucleic acid sequence
  • you need to syntesise a probe with a complementary sequence to the sequence youre looking for
  • and then add a lable
    • radiactive
    • flourescense
43
Q

western blot

A

seperates proteins

44
Q

northern blot

A

seprtates RNA

45
Q

southern Blot

A

seperates DNA

46
Q

RNAi(interference)

A

preventing RNA from forming proteins

47
Q

CRISPER

A
  • Clustered
  • Regulary
  • Interspaced
  • Shorth
  • Palindromic
  • Repeats
    • ​used with CAS( crisper associated protein)
    • cas is an enzyme which finds specific crisper sequenses in DNA and then cuts it at specific points
    • allows you to add or remove DNA
    • done in living system so you can see the effets
48
Q

prion

A
  • specific type of protein
  • missfolded protein
    • resistent to proper folding
    • resisten to degregation
  • doesnt change amino sequence
  • non functional
  • will dissable normaly folded functional proteins with same amino acid sequence
49
Q

what is a virus

A
  • requres Nucleic acid
    • Dna viruses
      • adenovirus
      • herpes
      • pox
      • warts
    • RNA viruses
      • HIV
      • influenza
      • polio
      • Rabies
  • requires a protein coat-capsid
  • may have envelope(plasma membrane around the capsid)
50
Q

HIV

A
  • has RNA
    • has capsid
    • has envelope
    • has viral proteins
  • host cell
    • has CD4 and CCR5 as well as CXCR4 (Tcells) proteins which allow protein to associate with proteins on the HIV virus proteins
    • the envelope and viral envelope fuse and opens a hole
    • and then the virus enters
      *
51
Q

influenza

A
  • has proteins( hemagglutinin and neraminidase) that go through rapid mutations
    • interact with sialic acid
      • creats an indentation and the virus and envelope get engulfed
        • which creats an endesome
52
Q

polio

A

no envelope but uses endosome

then punches a hole to release RNA into Cell

53
Q

virus after entry RNA

A
  • RNA goes to revers transcription
    • RNA -> DNA
  • then goes to the nucleous
    • makes many copies of RNA through transcription
      • RNA then makes proteins which is the capsid
    • joins together to make virus
54
Q

viral exit

A
  • lysis preferd with non envelope virus
  • budding - creats pockets in the cell membrane which will engulf the virus and creat the envelope
55
Q

phospholipids

A
  • has glycerol back bone (3 carbon molecule)
  • phosphate head with or without other polar groups
  • two fatty acid chains
56
Q

flexion

A

side to side movment of phospholipids

57
Q

ways the membrane can move

A
  • rotation
  • leteral diffusion
  • flexion
    • swaying side to side
  • flip flop
    • rare with out assistance
58
Q

factors increasing fluidity

A
  • short fatty acid chains
  • double bonds in a fatty acid chain
  • cholesterol
    • highconcentration that prevent hydrocarbon chains from interacting
    • cholesterol present with low temperatures
  • few lipid rafts
59
Q

why do short fatty acid chains increase fluidity

A

the long fatty acid chains will interact with one another and push out the short one causing it to move

60
Q

why do double bonds increase fluidity

A

takes up more surface area so it cant be saturated and there is more room to move

61
Q

why does cholesterol increase fluidity

A
  • normal conditions cholesterol decreases fluidity
  • high concentrations precent hydrocarbon chains from interacting
    • like short fatty acid chains
  • cholesteral present in low temperatures
    • lowers freezing temps and thus makes the membrane more fluid
62
Q

lipid rafts

A
  • also alled microdomains
  • transient phase separations in the fluid bilayer where sphingolipids become concentrated =more solid
  • high concentrations of cholesterol
    • makes lipid raft more solid unlike what happens in the membrane
  • many in the cell membrane
  • fatty acid chains are longer and straighter than in other parts
  • rafts are thicker than other parts of the membrane
63
Q

phospholipid asymmetry

A
  • extracellular face (outside)
    • phosoatidylcholine
    • sphingomyelin
    • have a +N surounded by 3 methyl groups
      • positive charge is more hidden
  • intracellular face (inside)
    • phospatidylethanolamine
    • phosphatidylserine
    • have a +NH3
64
Q

flipase

A

catalyzes transfer of phospholipids in the Smoothe ER after phospholipids get inserted into the cytosolic face and over packs it so it helps flp it to the other side

65
Q

intergral protreins

A
  • cannot be easily seperated from the membrane
    • they are embed in the membrane( half way) or go all the way through
66
Q

peripheral protein

A

either just sits on the membrne or is achored by a fatty acid or a GPI anchor( glycoslyphosphatidylinositol)

or associated with a hydrophobic protein

67
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • are typically on the extracellular side
  • are always hydrophylic
  • use an anchor
    • lipd
    • protein
  • make glycolipid and glycoproteins
  • can be O-linked
  • can be N- linked
68
Q

functions of carbohyrates in the membrane

A
  • protects the cell surface from damage
    • chemical damage
    • mechanical damage
  • gives the cell a lubricated surface for migrating cell
    • like in embryology
  • cell adhesion
    • helps cells stick to eachother
  • cell recognition
    • you CAN TELL DIFF CELLS BY THE CARBS ON THE SURFACE
69
Q

CELL WALL

A
  • thicker stronger and more ridgid than plasma membranes
  • made of carbohydtates
  • two types of cell walls
    • primary cell wall
      • new cells that will experience growth
      • thin extensible/fexible
      • tough
    • secondary cell wall
      • present in cells when growth stops
      • often produced by depositing new layers inside old ones
      • composition may be similir to primary cell wall however it has aditional companents such as LIGNIN( network of phenol compounds)
70
Q

cell wall components

A
  • cellulos microfibrils
    • liniear chains of glucosue molecules
    • provides tensile strength which gives resistence to pulling tensions
    • sets of microfibrils are aranged in layers/differnt orientations
      • which helps tension from differnt directions
  • cross linking glycans (extensions)
    • branched polysaccharides
      • ;inear backbone of one type of sugar( glucose, Mannose) with short chains of other sugars
    • connects cellulose microfibrils to each other
  • Pectins
    • branched polusaccharides containing numerous negatively charges galactuonic units
    • associated with water and cat ions
    • when Ca++ is added to pectin molecuuls it cross links them to form a semi-riginf gel
    • provides compression resistance
71
Q

types of junctions

A
  • animals cells have three common types of junctions
    • adhesive junctions
    • tight junctions (type of occluding junction)
    • gap junctions
  • plant cells have special structures called plasmodesmata
  • gap junctions and pasmodesmata re types of communicationg junctions
72
Q

adhesive junctions

A
  • anchoring junctions
    • cell to cell
      • ADHERENS
      • DESMOSOMES
    • FOCAL ADHESIONS
    • HEMIDESMOSOMES
  • ADHESIVE JUNCTIONS LINK ADJOIING CELLS
    • adhesive JUNCTIONS anchor the cytoskeleton to the cell surface
    • they rely on specialized adhesion proteins for this function
    • the extracellular portion of adhesion proteins on onecell can interact with the extracellular portions of similar proteins on neighborin cells
73
Q

interactions of cell- cell adhesion receptors

A
  • homophilic interactions
    • cells with identical receptors on their surfaces interact with one another
  • heterophilic interactions
    • cells with differint receptors interact
  • many adhesion receptors also interact with the cytoskeleton via linker proteins
74
Q

adherens junctions

A
  • adherens junctions are cdherin mediated junctions that interact with the actin they epecialy prominent epethelial cells
  • cadherins and ther associated proteins function to attch one cell to anther
75
Q

cadherins

A
  • directly interact with eachother
  • are anchored to the cell
  • use linking proteins to attatch to actin
  • differnt types of cadherins are expresed in particular tissues
    • E- cadherins are found in epethelial cells
    • P- cadherins in placenta
  • the amount and type of cadherins on cell surface helps segregate cells into particular tissues
76
Q

Desomsomes

A
  • button like points ( small ) of strong adhesion between adjacent cells in a tissue
  • they provide a tissue with structural integrity
  • they are especially abundant in skin heart muscle and neck of the uterus
77
Q

Desomosomes structure

A
  • the desmosomes cadherins are called desmocollins and demogleins
  • linker proteins bind their cytosolic domains and link them to cytoskeleton
  • the b- CATENIN FAMILY BIND DESMOCOLLIN AND A PROTEIN CALLED DESMOPLAKIN
  • desmoplakin attatches to inetmediate filaments such as cimentin desmin and keratin
    *
78
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • non cellular and consist of the same three classes od molecules
    • collagens
    • proteoglycans
    • fibronectins
79
Q

Intigrins

A

cell surface receptors that bind ECM constituents

large family of cell receptors that bind to fibronectins or lamins

80
Q

structure of integrins

A

and integrin consist of two large polypetptides Alpha and Beta

alpha is main binding unit

Cell Bio 380 (3 decks)

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