Exam 1 Study Flashcards
What are the four major elements of the human body
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen
What percent do the seven mineral element make up of our body
Less then 4%
What percent do the thirteen trace elements make up of our body
Less then 0.01%
What are isotopes
Atom with same atomic number, but different atomic mass
How are ionic bonds formed and what does it form
Formed when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom resulting in ions
What is the octet rule
Atom is most stable when it has eight electrons in its valence shell
How are chemical bonds formed
When valence electrons interact
What are the two kinds of chemical bonds
Molecule and compound
How is a molecule formed
Formed between two or more atoms of the SAME element
What is a compound
Formed between two more atoms of DIFFERENT elements
(Chemical bond)
What are macromolecules
Very large molecules composed of many atoms
What do molecular formulas do
Represent molecules with letters and numbers N O CH
2 2 4
What is a hydrogen bond and what is it responsible for
WEAK attractions between partially positive end of one dipole and partially negative end of another. Responsible for key property of water- SURFACE TENSION
Explain surface tension
Polar water molecules are more strongly attracted to one another then to no nonpolar air molecules at surface
What are reactants and products
Reactants are on left side of equation: starting ingredients
Products are on right side: result of reaction
What does endergonic mean
Input of energy (absorbing it)
What does exergonic mean
Releasing excess energy so the product has less energy then reactant
What are the two forms of energy
Potential and Kinetic
What is potential energy
Stored and can be released to do work later
What is kinetic energy
Potential energy that has been released or set in motion (all atoms have kinetic energy and the faster they move the more energy they have)
What are the three forms of energy in the body
Chemical, Electrical, and Mechanical
What is chemical energy
Found in bonds of atoms, drives all chemical processes
(One of the three forms of energy found in the body)
What is electrical energy
Generated by movement of charged particles or ions
(One of the three forms of energy in the body)
Mechanical energy
Energy directly transferred from one object to another
What is activation energy
The energy that must occur for a chemical reaction to occur (atoms must collide with enough energy and overcome repulsion of their electrons)
What are the dependent variables that reduce activation energy (increase chance of strong collision)
Concentration (increase it and it is more reactant), Temperature ( higher temperature increases kinetic energy), Reaction properties (size and phase) (smaller is faster), and presence or absence of catalyst.
What is a catalyst
Increases reaction rate by lowering activation energy
Example: enzymes
What is an anabolic reaction
Occurs when SMALL simple subunits are united by chemical bonds to make LARGE complex substances
A+B -> AB
ENDERGONIC
What is a catabolic reaction
Large substance BROKEN DOWN into smaller substance
AB -> A + B
EXERGONIC
What is an exchange reaction
When one or more atom from reactants are EXCHANGED for another
AB + CD -> AD + BC
What is a reversible reaction
Either direction, denoted in two arrows that run in either direction
CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3
<-
What is water
The universal solvent meaning so many solutes will dissolve in it
What is hydrophilic
CAN BE DISSOLVED in water. Water dissolves ionic and polar covalent solutes
What is hydrophobic
Solutes that don’t have full or partial charged ends and DONT DISSOLVE IN WATER. Uncharged nonpolar covalent bonds don’t dissolve in water
Ex. Oils and fats
What is a hydrolysis
Catabolic reaction that uses water to BREAK UP polymers into SMALLER subunits
(Opposite of dehydration synthesis)
What is dehydration synthesis
Anabolic reaction that LINKS MONOMERS TOGETHER and makes molecules of water
(Opposite of hydrolysis)
What is a mixture
Atoms of TWO OR MORE elements PHYSICALLY combined without changing chemical nature
What are the three types of mixtures
Suspension, colloid, solution
What is a suspension
Two or more components with LARGE, UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED particles
Example: Blood
SETTLES OUT
What is a colloid
Two or more component with SMALL, EVENLY DISTRIBUTED particles
Example: milk
DOES NOT SETTLE OUT
What is a solution
Two or more components with EXTREMELY SMALL, EVENLY DISTRIBUTED PARTLES
Contains solute and solvent
Example: Glucose and water
DOES NOT SETTLE OUT
What is an acid and what happens to hydrogen ions when acid is added
Hydrogen ion + proton donor
The number of hydrogen ions INCREASE when acid is added
What is a base and what happens to hydrogen ions when a base is added
Hydrogen ion acceptor
The number of hydrogen ions DECREASE when base is added
What is the Ph scale
Ranges from 0-14
Represent hydrogen ion concentration
The solution is _____ when Ph=7
Neutral
Hydrogen ions = base ions
The solution is ____ when ph is less then 7
Acidic
Hydrogen ions are more then base ions
THe solution is ___ when Ph is more then 7
Basic
More Base ions then hydrogen ions
What is a buffer
Chemical system that resists change in PH
Example: blood ph remains in 7.35-7.45 range to maintain homeostasis
What is a salt and what forms when it dissolves in water
Metal cation+ nonmental anion held together by ionic bonds
Can dissolve in water to form electrolytes
What are the organic compounds
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Polymers built from monomers
What are carbohydrates and its monomer
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Function as fuel
Monomer is monosaccharides
What are monosaccharides. Name examples
3-7 carbons, monomers from which all carbs are made of
Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose
What are disaccharides
TWO monosaccharides held together by dehydration synthesis
Example- sucrose
What are polysaccharides
MANY monosaccharides held together by dehydration synthesis
What is a lipid and what is its monomer
Nonpolar hydrophobic molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen. Includes fats and oils
Monomer is fatty acids
What is a fatty acid
Lipid monomers consisting of 4-20 carbon atoms
What are the three types of fatty acids
Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated
What is a saturated fat
SOLID, NO double bond between carbon atoms
What is a monounsaturated fat
LIQUID , ONE double bond between two carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chain
(One of the three types of fatty acids)
What is a polyunsaturated fat
LIQUID, 2+ double bonds between carbon atoms
(Type of fatty acid)
What is the “good” fat and what is it found in. Which type of fat is it
Omega - 3 fats
Found in flaxseed oil and fish oil; polyunsaturated
What is the “bad” fat and what is it found in
Saturated fats
Found in animal fats and coconut oils
What is the “ugly” fat and which type of oils is it found in
Trans fat
Partially hydrogenated oils
What are triglycerides
Three fatty acids linked by dehydration synthesis to glycerol (storage polymer for fatty acids)
What are phospholipids
Glycerol backbone; two fatty acid tails and one phosphate head in place of third fatty acid
What is cholesterol
Steroid that forms basis for all other steroids
What is a protein and what is its functions
Macromolecules that
-function as enzymes
-Play structural roles
—involved in movement
-function in body’s defense
-used as fuel
20 different _____ can be linked by _____ into ________
Amino acids
Peptide bonds
Polypeptides
What is an amino acid
Monomers of protein
What are peptides
2 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis
(Three types: dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)
Are are different types of peptide bonds and how many amino acids are each formed by
Dipeptides- 2 amino acids
Tripeptides- 3 amino acids
Polypeptides- 10 or more amino acids
What are the two types of protein structure
Fibrous and globular
Describe fibrous proteins
Long rope strand, nonpolar aminos
Add strength
Describe globular proteins
Spherical, polar aminos, function as enzymes, hormones, and other cell messengers
Describe the first level of protein structure
Level ONE: Primary Structure
Amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain
Describe second level of protein structure
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
One or more segments of primary structure folded in specific ways
Describe third level of protein structure
TERIATARY STRUCTURE
3-D shape that peptide chains assumes (twists, folds, coils including secondary structure)
Describe fourth level of protein structure
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
Linking together more then one polypeptide chain in a specific arrangement; critical to function of protein
What is a nucleotide
Monomers of nucleic acids
Describe nucleotide structure
Nitrogenous base with hydrocarbon ring
Five carbon penthouse sugar, ribose, or deoxyribose
Phosphate group
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases
Purines and pyrimidines
What is a purine
Double ringed molecule, ADENINE (A) and GUANINE (G)
(Type of nitrogenous base)
What is a pyrimidine
Single ringed molecule, CYSTINE (C), URACIL (U), and THYMINE (T)
(Type of nitrogenous base)
What does ATP stand for and what is it
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenine attached to ribose and three (TRI) phosphate groups.
The main source of chemical energy.
Can be released as kinetic energy
Production of ATP requires oxygen
What is DNA
Large molecule found in nuclei, two long chains that twist around each other (double helix)
Contains genes, provides code for protein synthesis
What is RNA
Single strand of nucleotides; move between nucleus and cytosol
Making proteins
Contains URACIL not thymine
The substance that is dissolved is _____
Solute
The substance doing the dissolving
Solvent
Example: water
What are radioisotopes
unstable isotopes; high energy or radiation released by radioactive decay; allows isotope to assume a more stable form
What is the most electronegative element
Fluorine
What does electronegativity mean
The element attracts electrons
