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Physio Psych > Exam 1 - Structure of NS > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Structure of NS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in the Central Nervous System?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

all the nerves that relay info btwn CNS and rest of the body

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3
Q

Anatomical Directions (Dorsal, Ventral, Medial, Ipsilateral, Contralateral)

A

Dorsal - towards back or top of head
Ventral - towards the belly
Medial - towards neuraxis/midline
Ipsilateral - located on same side of body
Contralateral - located on opposite side of body

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4
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

semi-permeable barrier between the blood and the brain, made by the cells in the walls of the brain’s capillaries, helps regulate balance of extracellular fluid and neural transmission, prevents potentially harmful chemicals from reaching the brain

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5
Q

Meninges

A

(3 layers) protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord, 3 layers from outside to inside: Dura mater, Arachnoid membrane, Pia mater

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6
Q

Dura mater

A

durable, thick, touch outer layer (one of the meninges)

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7
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

soft, spongy, middle layer (one of the meninges)

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8
Q

Pia mater

A

delicate, thin, inner layer, clings to the surface of the brain (one of the meninges)

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9
Q

Subarachnoid space (not a meninge)

A

area in-between arachnoid membrane and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid CSF, allows brain to float in CSF, reduces shock due to sudden movement

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10
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF

A

clear fluid that fills ventricles and space surrounding brain and spinal cord, what the brain floats in, protects brain and nourishes it, removing waste and toxins. coats the CNS.

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11
Q

Ventricular system

A

produces, transports, and excretes CSF. Consists of 4 ventricles

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12
Q

What are ventricles in the ventricular system?

A

hollow spaces “little bellies” filled with CSF. This is where CSF is produced and contained. 2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

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13
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

There are 2. They are the located bilaterally in the cerebrum, connected to 3rd ventricle, They are largest in the ventricular system

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14
Q

3rd ventricle

A

located at the midline, cerebral aqueduct connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

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15
Q

4th ventricle

A

located on the ventral side of the brain, diamond shaped, below the 3rd ventricle. connected to the 3rd ventricle by cerebral aqueduct

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16
Q

CSF order of flow

A

Continually produced within the choroid plexus by ependymal cells. Produced in lateral ventricles and flows to 3rd and 4th ventricle, then flows to subarachnoid space of both brain and spinal via the Foramen of Magendie. Then it’s reabsorbed into blood stream by arachnoid granulations which are at the top of the meninges

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17
Q

Problems with CSF flow

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus - something impedes flow of CSF (ex. Choroid plexus may produce too much CSF), which results in increased pressure to ventricles and ventricles expand. Shunt tubes can be surgically inserted to drain excess CSF

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18
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

(Forebrain, Tel…). Has sulci, fissures, and gyri. The convolutions (folds) allow for greater surface area. 2/3rds of the cortex are in these folds. Cortex consists of mostly glia and cell bodies, dendrites, and interconnecting axons and neurons. Has gray matter. There are hemispheres and 4 lobes and many cortices

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19
Q

sulci, fissures, and gyri

A

sulci - small grooves in brain. fissures = large grooves. gyri - bulges between sulci and fissures

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20
Q

gray matter vs white matter

A

gray matter - cell bodies. white matter - myelin that covers the axons underneath the cortex

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20
Q

Hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

A

bilateral/both hemispheres. Left and right hemisphere connected by corpus callosum. Some functions are lateralized (meaning they are located on 1 side of the brain). Each hemisphere responds to sensory info from contralateral side of the body. Left - analysis, Right - broad view of things

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20
Q

4 lobe names (of the cortex)

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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21
Q

corpus callosum

A

large band of axons that connect L and R hemispheres

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21
Q

frontal lobe

A

movement, higher order cognitions like planning, decision making

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22
Q

parietal lobe

A

body sensations (pain and pressure), spatial cognition

23
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision, receives info from eyes

24
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, olfaction, some aspects of learning and memory

25
Q

Primary and Association cortices (of the cortex)

A

primary cortices have association cortices that receive info from primary regions. Both?? cortices integrate and analyze info from primary regions, they store sensory related memories and make it possible to combine info from multiple sensory organs

26
Q

What are the 3 primary SENSORY cortices in the cerebral cortex?

A

Primary visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex

27
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

in occipital lobe, receives visual info

28
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

in temporal lobe, receives auditory info

29
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

in parietal lobe, receives bodily sensory info

30
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

involved in control of movement, neurons are connected to muscles in diff parts of body (the connections are contralateral)

31
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

(Forebrain, Tel…) collection of nuclei below the cerebral cortex, mainly involved in motor control, memory/habits, executive functions. Consists of 3 parts –> caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

32
Q

Limbic system

A

(Forebrain, Tel…) located around the medial edge of hemispheres (of cortex). Includes the hippocampus and amygdala

33
Q

Hippocampus and Amygdala

A

both are part of limbic system. Hippocampus - memory, learning, and spatial navigation. Amygdala - feelings and expressions of emotions, emotional memories, recognizing signs of emotions in others

34
Q

Diencephalon

A

includes thalamus and hypothalamus

35
Q

Telencephalon

A

includes cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

36
Q

Thalamus

A

(Forebrain, Di…) “relay station.” All sensory and nonsensory info goes here to be processed before being sent to cortex for interpretation (except olfactory info)

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(Forebrain, Di…) “smart control center.” involved in motivated behavior ex. movement, feeding, sexual activity, sleeping, emotional expression, temperature regulation, and endocrine regulation. Controls autonomic and endocrine system. Produces hormones (pituitary gland attached at the base of this)

38
Q

Mesencephalon/midbrain

A

Midbrain. Surrounds cerebral aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle. Consists of tectum and tegmentum

39
Q

Tectum

A

(in Midbrain) “roof of midbrain.” involved in visual reflexes and reactions to moving stimuli. Includes superior colliculus (visual system) and inferior colliculus (auditory system).

40
Q

Tegmentum

A

(in Midbrain) “floor of midbrain.” Includes reticular formation, periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus and substantia nigra

41
Q

Reticular formation

A

(midbrain, tegmentum). Sleep, arousal , attention, movement, reflexes

42
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter

A

(midbrain, tegmentum). mostly consists of cell bodies, species specific behaviors like fighting, mating, and pain perception

43
Q

red nucleus and substantia nigra

A

(midbrain, tegmentum). movement/motor system

44
Q

Hindbrain

A

surrounds 4th ventricle, back bottom of brain. consists of met… and myel…

45
Q

Cerebellum

A

(Hindbrain, Met…) “little brain.” coordinates movement. has 2 hemispheres. info from thalamus to cortex to cerebellum and projected to other parts of brain. damage results in exaggerated movements that are jerky and uncontrolled (extensive damage –> impossible to stand)

46
Q

Pons

A

(Hindbrain, Met…) bulge in brain stem, ventral to cerebellum (towards belly, front of brain stem). sleep/wake regulation and arousal. thalamus –> cerebral cortex –> pons –> cerebellum

47
Q

Myelencephalon

A

(in Hindbrain) consists of medulla oblongata

48
Q

medulla oblongata

A

(hindbrain, Myel…) most caudal (lower/posterior) part of brain stem. connected to spinal cord. vital functions like cardiovascular system regulation, respiration, skeletal muscle tone. Contains part of reticular formation (in tegmentum).

49
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

has somatic nerves and autonomic ganglia + nerves

50
Q

Somatic/skeletal nerves

A

contains cranial nerves and spinal nerves (which is how CNS communicates with rest of the body)

51
Q

cranial nerves

A

(PNS, somatic nerves) 12 pairs of nerves attached to ventral surface of brain. sensory and motor functioning of face and neck. The cranial nerves include motor nerves and sensory nerves, carrying info in and out of brain

52
Q

spinal nerves

A

(PNS, somatic nerves) nerves begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord. connections between spinal cord and sensory receptors or muscles and glands. The spinal nerves include afferent and efferent axons

53
Q

motor nerves and sensory nerves as part of cranial nerves in PNS

A

motor nerves - transmit info from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands (PNS). Sensory nerves - transmit info from body (PNS) to CNS

54
Q

afferent and efferent axons as part of spinal nerves in PNS

A

Afferent axons - convey sensory info TO the CNS. Efferent axons - convey motor info FROM CNS (to muscles and glands)

55
Q

Autonomic ganglia and nerves aka Autonomic NS

A

(PNS) regulates smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. Has sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS aka divisions

56
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

(PNS, autonomic NS) “fight or flight” functions that accompany arousal and energy expenditure.

57
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

(PNS, autonomic NS) “rest and digest.” increases body’s supply of stored energy

Physio Psych (5 decks)

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