Exam #1 - Statistics Flashcards
What is Statistics?
Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
What is Descriptive Statistics?
Descriptive Statistics consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data.
What is Inferential Statistics?
Inferential Statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships, among variables, and making predictions.
What is a Population?
A population consists of all subjects that are being studied.
What is a Sample?
A Sample is a group of subjects selected from a population.
What is a Parameter?
A Parameter is a measure used to represent a characteristic of the population.
What is a Statistic?
A Statistic is a measure used to represent a characteristic of the sample.
What is a Variable?
A Variable is a characteristic or attribute of interest in a population.
What is Data?
Data consists of a set of observations or outcomes. ( Either called datum or a data value).
What is Qualitative Data?
Qualitative Data can be placed in distinct categories according to some characteristic or attribute.
What is Quantitative Data?
Quantitative Data are numerical in nature and can be counter or measured.
What is Quantitative Discrete Data?
Quantitative Discrete Data assumes values that can be counted and are finite.
What is Quantitative Continuous Data?
Quantitative Continuous Data can assume all values between any two specific values.
What is Bias?
Bias occurs when the selection of a sample, systematically favors certain outcomes.
What is Random Sampling?
Random Sampling is when each subject of a population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
What is Simple Random Sampling?
Simple Random Sampling is when any group of n subjects is equally likely to be chosen as any other group of n subjects.
What is a Stratified Sample?
A Stratified Sample is when the population is divided into groups (strata) and then a proportionate amount is taken from each group.
What is a Cluster Sample?
A Cluster Sample is when the population is divided into groups, (clusters), and then randomly, some clusters are selected.
What is a Systematic Sample?
A Systematic Sample is when a starting pointing is randomly selected and then every nth subject is selected from a list of the population.
What is a Convenience Sample?
A Convenience Sample involves using subjects that are readily available.
What is a Volunteer Sample?
A Volunteer Sample involves asking people to volunteer.
What is Nominal?
Nominal classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping), exhausting categories in which no ranking or order can be imposed on the data.
Ex. Zip Code, Nationality, Shape
What is Ordinal?
Ordinal classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
Ex. Rating, Letter Grade, Metal
What is Interval?
Interval ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero.
Ex. IQ, ACT Score, Temperature
