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exam 1 sports nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

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2
Q

Sports Nutrition

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3
Q

EXSS 283

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4
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5
Q

DIGESTIVE PROCESS

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6
Q

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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7
Q

Essential to body’s nourishment

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8
Q

Digestion

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absorption

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9
Q

24 to 72 hours in healthy individual

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10
Q

Involuntary process

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11
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12
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13
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14
Q

2

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15
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16
Q

BEGINNING OF DIGESTIVE PROCESS

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17
Q

Smell

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Taste

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18
Q

Flavors are sensed largely by odor

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19
Q

Salivation

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20
Q

Teeth mechanically breakdown food

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21
Q

Tongue moves and positions food

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22
Q

3

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23
Q
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24
Q

DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS

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25
Q

Saliva (mouth)

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26
Q

Breaks down carbohydrates

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27
Q

Salivary Gland

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28
Q

Gastric juice (stomach)

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29
Q

Mixes with food; hydrochloric acid/enzymes degrade proteins

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30
Q

Gastric Glands

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31
Q

Bile

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32
Q

Emulsifies lipid

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33
Q

Liver/ Gallbladder

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34
Q

Intestinal juice (small intestine)

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35
Q

Degrades macronutrients

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36
Q

Intestinal Glands

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37
Q

4

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38
Q
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39
Q

ABSORBING NUTRIENTS

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40
Q

Transport of Nutrients Across Cell Membrane

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41
Q

Thousands of chemicals are continually crossing cell’s plasma membrane

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42
Q

Working towards equilibrium

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43
Q

Passive Transport

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44
Q

Substances pass through plasma membrane without energy source

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45
Q

Active Transport

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46
Q

Metabolic energy needed to move through plasma membrane

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47
Q

5

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48
Q
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49
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESSES

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50
Q

Simple Diffusion

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51
Q

Non-charged particles

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52
Q

Move from high to low concentration

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53
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

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54
Q

Larger; membrane-insoluble chemicals

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55
Q

Move from high to low concentration

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56
Q

Osmosis

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57
Q

Water

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58
Q

Through semipermeable membrane to equalize concentrations

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59
Q

6

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60
Q
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61
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT PROCESSES

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62
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

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63
Q

Move against concentration gradient

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64
Q
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65
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66
Q
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67
Q

Coupled Transport

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68
Q

Two molecules link to create symport

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69
Q

Simultaneously move across membrane

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70
Q

One way only

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71
Q
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72
Q

If passive transport not possible

A

must use energy (ATP) to move across membrane

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73
Q
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74
Q

BULK TRANSPORT

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75
Q

Movement of large number of macromolecules through membranes via energy-requiring process

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76
Q

Exocytosis

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77
Q

Move from intracellular to extracellular fluid

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78
Q

Hormones

A

neurotransmitters

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79
Q
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80
Q
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81
Q

Endocytosis

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82
Q

Move from extracellular to intracellular fluid

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83
Q

LDLs

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84
Q
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85
Q

8

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86
Q
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87
Q

UNDERSTANDING ANATOMY OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

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88
Q

9

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89
Q
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90
Q

MOUTH & ESOPHAGUS

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91
Q

Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth

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92
Q

Chewing increases surface area

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93
Q

Tongue moves food to be broken down as well as toward the pharynx for swallowing

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94
Q

Esophagus

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95
Q

25cm tube connecting pharynx to stomach

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96
Q

Two layers of muscle tissue

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97
Q

Peristalsis

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98
Q

Esophageal Sphincter

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99
Q

Muscular valve between esophagus and stomach

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100
Q

Must relax to allow food entry

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101
Q
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102
Q
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103
Q

10

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104
Q
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105
Q

STOMACH

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106
Q

Storage tank

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107
Q

Gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid and juices with powerful digestive enzymes

A
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108
Q

Food mixes with secretions to form chyme

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109
Q

Very distensible

A
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110
Q

1-4 hrs to empty

111
Q

Secretes

112
Q

intrinsic factor

116
Q

SMALL INTESTINE

117
Q

Continued digestion

118
Q

Bile 🡪lipids

119
Q

80% absorption

120
Q

Folds

121
Q

Villi

122
Q

Microvilli

123
Q

Increases surface area 600x

127
Q

SMALL INTESTINE

128
Q

Intestinal Contractions

129
Q

Weaker contractions than peristalsis in esophagus and stomach

130
Q

3-10 hrs to empty small intestine

131
Q

Segmentation Contractions

132
Q

Allows mixing to occur

133
Q

Chyme and digestive juices

135
Q

LARGE INTESTINE

136
Q

Final Digestive Structure

137
Q

Absorbs water & electrolytes

138
Q

Trillions of bacteria

139
Q

Ferment any undigested food

140
Q

Able to synthesize small amounts of vitamin B12

141
Q

During this process gas produced

142
Q

Releases small amount of mucous

143
Q

Protects intestinal wall

144
Q

Binds fecal matter

145
Q

Rectum

146
Q

Storage unit for fecal matter before elimination

148
Q

DIGESTION OF FOOD NUTRIENTS

150
Q

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

151
Q

Amylase (enzyme breakdown something in digestive)

152
Q

Salivary – mouth

153
Q

Starch 🡪 disaccharides

154
Q

Pancreatic – small intestine

155
Q

Completes hydrolysis

156
Q

Brush border enzymes

157
Q

Maltase

158
Q

Maltose 🡪 glucose + glucose

159
Q

Lactase

160
Q

Lactose 🡪 glucose + galcatose

161
Q

Sucrase

162
Q

Sucrose 🡪 glucose + fructose

163
Q

Absorption

164
Q

Glucose & galactose: sodium dependent transport

165
Q

Fructose: Facilitated diffusion

166
Q

Portal vein to liver for energy

168
Q

LIPID DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

169
Q

Lipase

170
Q

Lingual - mouth

171
Q

Gastric - stomach

172
Q

Pancreatic – small intestine

173
Q

Bile – small intestine

174
Q

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

175
Q

Absorb rapidly into portal vein for transport to liver

176
Q

Long-Chain Fatty Acids

177
Q

Enter lymphatic system

178
Q

3-4 hrs to enter blood

181
Q

PROTEIN DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

182
Q

Initiates digestion in stomach

183
Q

🡪 polypeptides

184
Q

Regulated by gastrin

185
Q

Pepsin

186
Q

🡪 dipeptides

187
Q

Trypsin

188
Q

Small intestine to liver

189
Q

Convert to glucose

190
Q

Convert to fat

191
Q

Direct release to blood

192
Q

Absorption

195
Q

WATER ABSORPTION

196
Q

Continuous absorption and secretion of water along GL tract

197
Q

Intestinal tract absorbs roughly 9L per day

198
Q

72 % in proximal portion of small intestine

199
Q

20% in distal section of small intestine

200
Q

8% in large intestine

201
Q

Osmosis

202
Q

Consumed fluid and food

203
Q

Saliva

A

gastric juices

207
Q

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON GI FUNCTION

208
Q

Exercise Intensity

209
Q

Light to moderate exercise (20-60% VO2max)

210
Q

Increases gastric emptying

211
Q

Intense exercise (75% + VO2max)

212
Q

Decrease gastric emptying

213
Q

Exercise Mode

214
Q

Type of exercise affect gastric emptying differently

215
Q

Running vs cycling

216
Q

Exercise Duration

217
Q

Limited data

A

but studies have shown no difference in gastric emptying throughout 2hr exercise

218
Q

Every person’s body responds differently

221
Q

HEALTH

A

EMOTIONAL STATUS

222
Q

Brain has big influence on digestive organs

223
Q

Emotional status affects entire GL tract to some degree

224
Q

Queasy stomach or cramping before competition

225
Q

Increases with “big game

A

” large crowd

227
Q

Physically Active Lifestyle

228
Q

Enhances gastric emptying

229
Q

Reduces likelihood of liver disease

A

gallstones

230
Q

However

A

athletes still do experience GI symptoms

233
Q

GASTROINTESTINAL CONDITIONS

235
Q

CONSTIPATION

236
Q

Constipation

237
Q

Delay in stool motility

238
Q

Diet high in fat and low in water & fiber

239
Q

Increase fiber

240
Q

Diarrhea

241
Q

Loose watery stools

242
Q

Too fast of movement through large intestine

243
Q

“Runner’s Trots”

244
Q

Fluid & electrolyte imbalance

245
Q

Gastrointestinal Gas

246
Q

Stomach gas from swallowing air

247
Q

Eating

248
Q

Lower GI Gas (Flatus)

249
Q

From large intestine bacterial breakdown

250
Q

Beans

252
Q

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GERD)

253
Q

“Heartburn”

254
Q

Esophageal sphincter allows backflow

255
Q

Weightlifting

256
Q

Avoid:

257
Q

Sleeping soon after meals

258
Q

Exercise post heavy meals

259
Q

Foods that open sphincter

260
Q

Alcohol

261
Q

Onions

262
Q

Fatty foods

263
Q

Citrus foods

264
Q

Coffee

267
Q

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

268
Q

Bouts of constipation/diarrhea with continuous cromping

269
Q

Possible Causes:

270
Q

Increased GI activity from stress

271
Q

Impaired transit of bowel gas

272
Q

Altered immune activation

273
Q

Autonomic dysfunction

sports nutrition (1 decks)

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