Exam 1 (Review Slides)

Question 1

Components of Motor Skills

Answer 1

1- Voluntary Control
2- Movements of joints and body segments to achieve a goal
3- Learned and practice over time

Question 2

Open Loop Control

Answer 2

Centrally determined, pre-structured commands to effectors without the use of feedback during movement

Question 3

Closed Loop Control

Answer 3

Continuous loops. Use of feedback, error detection, and correction to maintain desired goal

Question 4

Gross Motor Skills

Answer 4

Primary musculature required = large muscles
ex- walking, hopping, jumping

Question 5

Fine Motor Skills

Answer 5

Primary musculature required = small muscles
ex- signing a check, buttoning a shirt, typing a word on a keyboard

Question 6

Continuous Motor Skills

Answer 6

Arbitrary beginning and end of action, repetitive movements
ex- walking, swimming, steering a car

Question 7

Discrete Motor Skills

Answer 7

Specified beginning and end of the action, single movement
ex- flipping a light switch, hitting a piano key, depressing clutch pedal of car

Question 8

Open Motor Skills

Answer 8

Supporting surface, objects, and/or other people in motion
ex- driving a car, catching a thrown ball, walking on a crowded sidewalk

Question 9

Closed Motor Skills

Answer 9

Supporting surface, objects, and/or other people stationary
ex- picking up a cup, buttoning a shirt, shooting a free throw in basketball

Question 10

One Dimension Classification of Motor Skills (Factors)

Answer 10

1- Size of primary musculature required
2- Specificity of where actions begin and end
3- Stability of the environmental context

Question 11

Two Dimension Classification of Motor Skills (Factors)

Answer 11

1- Body Stability vs. Body Transport
2- Object Manipulation
3- Regulatory Conditions
4- Intertrial Variability

Question 12

Neuromotor Control (Steps)

Answer 12

1-Decision to act - decision making/perception of the environment
2- Develop action plan- motor planning and initiation
3- Elaborate plan- movement initiation and coordination, proprioceptive feedback
4- Activate muscles and execute plan
5- Sensory feedback- updates movement to accommodate error in initial plan

Question 13

Decision to Act is controlled by?

Answer 13

prefrontal cortex/front cortex; parietals, limbic

Question 14

Develop Action Plan is controlled by?

Answer 14

Secondary Motor Area, premotor cortex, basal ganglia

Question 15

Elaborate Plan is controlled by?

Answer 15

primary motor cortex, cerebellum

Question 16

Activate Muscles and Execute Plan is controlled by?

Answer 16

descending pathways and active spinal networks, spinal motor neurons

Question 17

Sensory Feedback is controlled by?

Answer 17

cerebellum

Question 18

Generalized Motor Program

Answer 18

Provides the basis for controlling a specific action within the class of actions (share invariant characteristics)

Question 19

Proprioception

Answer 19

Our sensation and perception of limb, trunk, and head position and movement

Question 20

Perception-action coupling

Answer 20

visual perception of object and limb movement required to achieve the action goal are coordinated

Question 21

Focal Vision (perception-action coupling)

Answer 21

object identification

Question 22

Ambient Vision (perception-action coupling)

Answer 22

stability, balance, time until contact

Question 23

Optic Flow (perception-action coupling)

Answer 23

the pattern of movement across the retina-leads to responses and movement

Question 24

Does the visual system always contribute positively?

Answer 24

No, in some movement situations it can lead to inappropriate actions in situations of sensory conflict and required rapid responses

Question 25

Sensory Weighting

Answer 25

Each sensory channel is multiplied by some weight and then the weighted variables are summed to produce a response modulated to the relevancy of the incoming afferents.

Question 26

Errors in performance arise from...

Answer 26

-incorrectly evaluating environmental display -applying wrong movement parameters to plan -sensory conflict (ex- motion sickness) -unexpected environment events

Question 27

Speed-Accuracy Trade-off

Answer 27

The speed at which a skill is performed is influenced by the movement accuracy demands. (also factors distance) < Speed = > Accuracy > Speed = < Accuracy

Question 28

Bimanual Coordination

Answer 28

The system prefers to produce simultaneous movements that have a common underlying time structure. (coupling movements is easier than uncoupling) (ex- fast tapping of both hands in class)

Question 29

When planning an action, as demands increase...

Answer 29

time needed to prepare increases

Question 30

Examples of influences of demands for Planning an Action

Answer 30

-number of response choices -the stimulus-response compatibility -movement complexity -movement accuracy -fore-period length regularity

Question 31

Prehension Skills

Answer 31

Act of holding or grabbing something (is not broken up into parts)

Question 32

Coordination

Answer 32

the patterning of body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

Question 33

Control

Answer 33

-Represents neuromuscular functions to activate and coordinate muscles and limbs in the performance of a skill -The manipulation of variables within a movement to meet the demands of a given situation

Question 34

Hick's Law

Answer 34

if number of choices is greater reaction time will be slower

Question 35

Simple (Reaction types)

Answer 35

Simple - involves one external signal and one response (green light(

Question 36

Choice

Answer 36

involves multiple signals and multiple responses (basketball- dribble shoot or pass)

Question 37

discrimination

Answer 37

involves multiple choices and a single response (quarterback)