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a&p ii lecture > Exam 1 Review Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of blood

A

the life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

functions of blood

A

transport, regulation, protection

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3
Q

transport functions

A

delivering oxygen and nutrients to blood cells; transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination; transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

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4
Q

regulation functions

A

maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat; maintaining normal pH using buffers (reservoir for the body’s alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions); maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

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5
Q

protection functions

A

preventing blood loss (plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation); preventing infection (immunity from antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells)

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6
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue; the only fluid tissue in body

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7
Q

plasma

A

cells are suspended in the nonliving fluid matrix

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8
Q

formed elements

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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9
Q

centrifuging blood

A

yields 3 layers: erythrocytes, buffy coat, and plasma

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10
Q

what percent of whole blood is erythrocytes

A

45%

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11
Q

what percent of whole blood is buffy coat

A

<1%

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12
Q

what percent of whole blood is plasma

A

55%

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13
Q

hematocrit

A

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

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14
Q

male hematocrit

A

47% +/- 5%

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15
Q

female hematocrit

A

42% +/- 5%

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16
Q

buffy coat

A

thin whitish layer between RBCs and plasma layers; made up of WBCs and platelets

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17
Q

pH range of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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18
Q

blood volume male

A

5-6 L

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19
Q

blood volume female

A

4-5 L

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20
Q

hemoglobin

A

the protein that makes red blood cells red; binds reversibly with oxygen

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21
Q

male hemoglobin

A

13-18g/100mL

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22
Q

female hemoglobin

A

12-16g/100mL

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23
Q

hemoglobin make up

A

red heme pigment bound to protein globin

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24
Q

what does one hemoglobin molecule transport

A

four oxygen molecules

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25
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of all blood cells

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26
Q

hematopoiesis location

A

red bone marrow

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27
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs; released by kidneys (sometimes liver) in response to hypoxia

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28
Q

life span of erythrocyte

A

100-120 days

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29
Q

iron in RBC breakdown

A

binds to ferridin or hemosiderin and stored for reuse or recycled into bone marrow

30
Q

main types of erythrocyte disorders

A

anemia and polycythemia

31
Q

anemia

A

blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism; sign of problem rather than disease itself; symptoms of fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and chills; 3 groups based on cause: blood loss, not enough RBCs being produced, too many RBCs being destroyed

32
Q

polycythemia

A

abnormal excess of RBCs; increases blood viscosity, causing sluggish blood flow

33
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells; only formed element that is a complete cell with nuclei and organelles; functions in defense against disease

34
Q

what percent of blood volume is leukocytes

A

<1%

35
Q

WBCs per mL of blood

A

4800 to 10,800

36
Q

how do WBCs move throughout the body

A

can leave capillaries through diapedesis; move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis

37
Q

leukocytosis

A

WBC count over 11,000 per mL of blood; increase is a normal response to infection

38
Q

granulocytes

A

contain visible cytoplasmic granules; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

39
Q

agranulocytes

A

do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules; lymphocytes, monocytes

40
Q

b lymphocytes

A

give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

41
Q

hemocytoblast stem cells branch into 2 pathways

A

lymphoid stem cells cells produce lymphocytes; myeloid stem cells produce all other elements

42
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low WBC count

43
Q

leukemia

A

overproduction of abnormal WBCs

44
Q

platelets

A

fragments of larger megakaryocyte; contain several chemicals involved in clotting process

45
Q

hemostasis

A

fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

46
Q

steps of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm; platelet plug formation; coagulation

47
Q

vascular spasm

A

vessel responds to injury with vasoconstriction

48
Q

platelet plug formation

A

platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged

49
Q

coagulation

A

reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads

50
Q

what do the 2 pathways of coagulation have in common

A

each pathway cascades toward and ends with the activation of factor x

51
Q

pathways of coagulation

A

intrinsic or extrinsic

52
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

clotting factors are present within the blood; triggered by negatively charged surfaces such as activated platelets, collagen, or even glass of a test tube

53
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

factors needed for clotting are located outside blood; triggered by exposure to tissue factor (factor III); bypasses several steps of intrinsic pathway, so faster

54
Q

which coagulation pathway is faster

A

extrinsic

55
Q

clot retraction

A

actin and myosin in platelets contract within 30-60 minutes; contraction pulls on fibrin strands, squeezing serum (plasma minus clotting proteins) from clot; draws ruptured blood vessel edges together

56
Q

thrombus

A

clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel

57
Q

embolus

A

thrombus freely floating in a bloodstream

58
Q

embolism

A

embolus obstructing a vessel

59
Q

anticoagulant drugs

A

used to prevent undesirable clotting; aspirin, heparin, warfarin, dabigatran

60
Q

antigen

A

anything perceived as foreign that can generate an immune response

61
Q

agglutinogens

A

antigens

62
Q

agglutinins

A

antibodies

63
Q

hemolytic disease

A

Rh- mom with Rh+ fetus

64
Q

universal donor

A

type O

65
Q

universal recipient

A

type AB

66
Q

constituents of plasma

A

water, electrolytes, plasma proteins, nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones

67
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytize bacteria

68
Q

eosinophil function

A

kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

69
Q

basophil function

A

releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contains heparin (anticoagulant)

70
Q

lymphocyte function

A

mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

71
Q

monocyte function

A

phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues

72
Q

platelet function

A

seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

a&p ii lecture (2 decks)

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