Exam 1 Review Modules 1-5 Flashcards
Module 1 Terms
What is computer literacy?
Computer literacy is….
the skill in using productivity software, such as word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation software, as well as having a basic knowledge of hardware and software, the Internet, and collaboration tools and technologies.
What is Information literacy?
Information Literacy is….
the understanding the role of information in generating and using business intelligence.
What is Business Intelligence?
Business Intelligence is…
provides historical, current, and predictive views of business operations and environments and gives organizations a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
(TPSs) Transaction processing systems are…
focus on data collection and processing; the major reason for using them is cost reduction.
(MIS) Management information systems are..
an organized integration of hardware and software technologies, data, processes, and human elements designed to produce timely, integrated, relevant, accurate, and useful information for decision-making purposes.
Major components of information systems are
data, database, the process, and the information
Data component
consists of raw facts and is a component of an information system.
Database component
a collection of all relevant data organized in a series of integrated files.
Process component
component of an information system generates the most useful type of information for decision making, including transaction-processing reports and models for decision analysis.
Information component
consists of facts that have been analyzed by the process component and is an output of an information system.
Useful information must be/have
timeliness, integrate with other data/information, consistency and accuracy, relevance
Information technologies are
support information systems and use the Internet, computer networks, database systems, POS systems, and RFID tags.
Five Forces Model
Buyer Power, Supplier Power, Threat of substitute goods/services, Threat of new entrants, Rivalry among competitors
Buyer Power
Is high when customers have many option and low when they have fewer options
Supplier Power
Is high when customers have limited options and is low when customers have more options
threat of substitute goods/ services
organizations use strategies to avoid the threat to gain customer loyalties. Ex. Fees, or Benefits depends on customer’s actions.
Threat of new entrants
Typically very low, organizations use focus strategies to prevent others duplicating or take customers from them. Ex. Bank switching takes a lot of time customers don’t want to waste.
Rivalry among competitors
is high when multiple competitor occupy the same marketplace, low when there are fewer competitors in a marketplace.
CTO/CIO
chief information officer or chief technology officer person oversees long-range planning and keeps eye on developments in the field that affects an company’s success.
CPO
executive position includes the responsibility of managing the risks and business impacts of privacy laws and policies
webmaster
designs and maintains an organizations website
computer programmer
writes computer programs or software segments that allow the information system to preform a specific task.
database administrator
responsible for database design and implementation
network administrator
This person oversees a company’s internal and external network systems, designing and implementing network systems that deliver correct information to the right decision maker in a timely manner. Providing network and cybersecurity is part of this position’s responsibility.
Module 2
Computers are
is a machine that accepts data as input, processes data without human intervention by using stored instructions, and outputs information.
Computer system are
consists of hardware and software. Hardware components are physical devices, such as keyboards, monitors, and processing units. The software component consists of programs written in computer languages
central processing unit CPU
is the heart of a computer. It is divided into two components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit.
arithmetic logical units ALU
performs arithmetic operations (+, −, ∗, /) as well as comparison or relational operations (, =); the latter are used to compare numbers.
control unit
tells the computer what to do, such as instructing the computer which device to read or send output to.
disk drive
is a peripheral device for recording, storing, and retrieving information.
CPU case
is also known as a computer chassis or tower. It is the enclosure containing the computer’s main components.
motherboard
is the main circuit board containing connectors for attaching additional boards. It usually contains the CPU, basic input/output system (BIOS), memory, storage, interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers for standard peripheral devices, such as the display monitor, disk drive, and keyboard.
Speed of computers
Computers process data with amazing speed. They are capable of responding to requests faster than humans can, which improves efficiency. Today’s high-speed computers make it possible for knowledge workers to perform tasks much faster than with the slower computers of the past. Typically, computer speed is measured as the number of instructions performed during the following fractions of a second:
Millisecond: 1/1,000 of a second Microsecond: 1/1,000,000 of a second Nanosecond: 1/1,000,000,000 of a second Picosecond: 1/1,000,000,000,000 of a second
Accuracy of computers
Unlike humans, computers do not make mistakes. To understand computer accuracy more clearly, take a look at these two numbers:
4. 0000000000000000000000001 4. 0000000000000000000000002
To humans, these two numbers are so close that they are usually considered equal. To a computer, however, these two numbers are completely different. This degree of accuracy is critical in many computer applications. On a space mission, for example, computers are essential for calculating reentry times and locations for space shuttles. A small degree of inaccuracy could lead the space shuttle to land in Canada instead of the United States.
Storage and Retrieval of computers
Storage means saving data in computer memory, and retrieval means accessing data from memory. Computers can store vast quantities of data and locate a specific item quickly, which makes knowledge workers more efficient in performing their jobs.
size of storage
1 bit A single value of 0 or 1
8 bits 1 byte or character
2^10 bytes 1,000 bytes, or 1 kilobyte (KB)
2^20 bytes 1,000,000 bytes, or 1 megabyte (MB)
2^30 bytes 1,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 gigabyte (GB)
2^40 bytes 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 terabyte (TB)
2^50 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 petabyte (PB)
2^60 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 exabyte (EB)
input devices
send data and information to the computer. Examples include a keyboard and mouse.
output devices
is capable of representing information from a computer. The form of this output might be visual, audio, or digital; examples include printers, display monitors, and plotters.
main memory devices
stores data and information and is usually volatile; its contents are lost when electrical power is turned off. It plays a major role in a computer’s performance.
secondary memory devices
which is nonvolatile, holds data when the computer is off or during the course of a program’s operation. It also serves as archival storage.
random access memory RAM
is volatile memory, in which data can be read from and written to; it is also called read-write memory.
cache RAM
resides on the processor. Because memory access from main RAM storage takes several clock cycles (a few nanoseconds), cache RAM stores recently accessed memory so the processor is not waiting for the memory transfer.
read-only memory
is nonvolatile; data cannot be written to ROM.
magnetic disk
made of Mylar or metal, is used for random-access processing. In other words, data can be accessed in any order, regardless of its order on the surface.
magnetic tape
is made of a plastic material and stores data sequentially.
redundant array of independent disks raid
system is a collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance and improved performance and is typically found in large network systems.
cloud storage
Used for online storage and backup, cloud storage involves multiple virtual servers that are usually hosted by third parties. Customers buy or lease storage space from third parties based on their current or future needs.
server
a computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network.
operating system
a set of programs for controlling and managing computer hardware and software. It provides an interface between a computer and the user and increases computer efficiency by helping users share computer resources and by performing repetitive tasks for users.
bus
is a link between devices connected to the computer. It can be parallel or serial, internal (local) or external.
application software
can be commercial software or software developed in-house and is used to perform a variety of tasks on a personal computer.
machine language
the first generation of computer languages, consists of a series of 0s and 1s representing data or instructions. It is dependent on the machine, so code written for one type of computer does not work on another type of computer.
assembly language
the second generation of computer languages, is a higher-level language than machine language but is also machine dependent. It uses a series of short codes, or mnemonics, to represent data or instructions.
high level languages
are machine independent and part of the third generation of computer languages. Many languages are available, and each is designed for a specific purpose.
fourth generation languages
use macro codes that can take the place of several lines of programming. The commands are powerful and easy to learn, even for people with little computer training.
fifth generation languages
use some of the artificial intelligence technologies, such as knowledge-based systems, natural language processing (NLP), visual programming, and a graphical approach to programming. These languages are designed to facilitate natural conversations between you and the computer.
object oriented programming
language is organized around a system of objects that represent the real world as opposed to a series of computational steps used in traditional languages.
object
an item that contains both data and the procedures that read and manipulate it.
modularity
Codes are written for specific and self-contained modules. This makes it easier to write codes, modify them, and troubleshoot them easier than traditional codes. New features can easily be added as new modules without any impact on existing modules.
reuse of codes for other purposes
Codes written for one object can be simply modified by maintaining its major parts and applying it to another object.
effective problem solving
OOP languages allow the programmer to break down a program into small-sized problems that a programmer can solve one module or one object at a time.
Module 3
database
a collection of related data that is stored in a central location or in multiple locations.
data hierarchy
the structure and organization of data, which involves fields, records, and files.
database management system dbms
software for creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database files. A DBMS makes using databases more efficient.
sequential access fire structure
records in files are organized and processed in numerical or sequential order, typically the order in which they were entered
random access file structure
records can be accessed in any order, regardless of their physical locations in storage media. This method of access is fast and very effective when a small number of records need to be processed daily or weekly.
physical view
involves how data is stored on and retrieved from storage media, such as hard disks or magnetic tapes
logical view
involves how information appears to users and how it can be organized and retrieved.
