Exam #1 Review Chaps 5 And 6 Flashcards
Systemic signs of infection
Fever Fatigue Weakness Headache Nausea
Local signs of infection
Pain Swelling Redness Warmth Exudate
Incubation period
Time between entry of the organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease. Varies with different organisms
Prodromal period
Fatigue, loss of appetite, headache. Nonspecific. Coming down with something
Subclinical infection
Pathological change, but no obvious manifestation. Although it may persist for long period of time
Chronic infection
Less severe symptoms than acute but persist for a long period of time
Standard precautions
Handwashing and gloves
Specific precautions
Masks gloves contamination rooms
Factors that decrease a hosts resistance
Age, pregnancy, genetic susceptibility immunodeficiency, malnutrition, chronic disease
Nosocomial infection
Infections that occur in healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, doctors offices
Iatrogenic infections
A treatment or procedure or mistake causing disease or infection
What diagnostic tests would potentially be used to help identify infection
- Culture and sensitivity, CS
- Blood tests. Variations and number of leukocytes, leukocytosis bacterial infection. Leukopenia viral infection
- Diff count
- Creative protein
- Immunological testing of body fluids
Antibiotic
Drugs derived from organisms
Antimicrobial
Antibacterial antifungal antiviral
Bactericidal
Drug destroys organism
Bacteriostatic
Decrease rate of reproduction
What is the body’s first line of defense
Nonspecific, mechanical barrier. unbroken skin, mucus membranes, tears and gastric juices
What is the bodies second line of defense
Nonspecific, phagocytosis and inflammation
What is the bodies third line of defense
Specific, production of specific anti-bodies or cell mediated
What is inflammation and what is its basic function
Bodies nonspecific response to tissue injury. Bacteria viruses fungi allergic reaction and chemicals
What are the four signs of local inflammatory response
- Redness and warmth
- Swelling, edema
- Pain
- Loss of function
What are the sequence of events involved in cellular response to inflammation
- Injury
- Cells release chemical mediators
- Vasodilation
- Increased capillary permeability, form exudate
- Leukocytes move to site of injury
- Phagocytosis, removal of debris in prep for healing
Which sells elevate during an allergic response
Eosinophils
Which cells are first to migrate to an injured area
Neutrophils and monocytes
What are the systemic effects of inflammation
Mild fever Release of pyrogens Malaise Fatigue headache anorexia
What are the complications that may develop as a result of inflammation
Infection-Micro organisms can penetrate the edematous tissue; some microbes resist phagocytosis, inflammatory exudate provides excellent medium for microorganisms
Skeletal muscle spasm – maybe initiated by inflammation protective response to pain
What is acute inflammation
Timing varies with specific cause chemical mediators affect blood vessels and nerves. Vasodilation hyperemia increase in capillary permeability chemotaxis to attract cells of immune system
What is chronic inflammation
Follows acute episode, less swelling and exudate, presence of more lymphocytes and macrophages and fibroblasts. Continued tissue destruction, more fibrous scar tissue, granuloma they develop around foreign object
What is RICE
Rest, ice, compression, elevation
What does acetaminophen do
Treats fever and pain only
What does NSAIDs do
Treats pain and fever and inflammation
What does aspirin do
Treats pain fever and inflammation
What does glucocorticoid to
Treat inflammation only
What is resolution
Minimal tissue damage, clean-cut, suture holds edges together minimal scarring heals all around
Regeneration
Damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional, Hills from bottom up
What are the factors that can delay tissue healing
Advanced age Poor nutrition, hydration Anemia Circulatory problems Certain chronic diseases, diabetes Infection
Hypertrophy
Increase in size
Hyperplasia
Increase size and amount
Anaplasia
Undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures
Metaplasia
Cells start to change
Neoplasia
Tumor, new growth
Dyplasia
Vary in size and shape
