Exam 1 Review Flashcards
The blood brain barrier is created by ___; it allows for the passage of ___, ___ molecules such as scopolamine; it prevents the passage of ___, ___ molecules such as glycopyrrolate
The blood brain barrier is created by astrocytes; it allows for the passage of small, lipophilic molecules such as scopolamine; it prevents the passage of large, charged molecules such as glycopyrrolate
Scopolamine ___ (can/cannot) pass the blood brain barrier
Can
Glycopyrrolate ___ (can/cannot) pass the blood brain barrier
Cannot
Myelin is produced by ___ cells in the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system; it surrounds and protects most ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system axons; it ___ (increases/decreases) nerve conduction velocities
Myelin is produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system; it surrounds and protects most peripheral nervous system axons; it increases nerve conduction velocities
Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system
Central nervous system
What are the three main components of the intracranial vault?
- Brain
- Blood
- CSF
Blood = ___-___% of the intracranial vault
5-10%
Afferent impulses go towards the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system
Central nervous system
___ is the processing center of sensory information
Thalamus
___ is the “captain” of the autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
___ controls respiration and cardiovascular function
Brain stem
___ mater adheres directly to brain and spinal cord
Pia
___ mater is the middle layer; contains CSF
Arachnoid mater
___ mater is the outer layer
Dura
The two layers of the dura mater form the ___ of the brain
Venous sinuses
Specifically—the dural venous sinuses are inbetween the periosteal/endosteal layer + the meningeal layer of the dura mater
___ hematoma is bleeding between the skull and the dura mater
Epidural hematoma
Epidural hematomas are usually ___ (arterial/venous) in origin
Arterial in origin—usually the meningeal arteries
Subdural hematoma = bleeding between the ___ and ___ mater; results from tears in ___
Bleeding between the dura and arachnoid mater; results from tears in bridging veins
Subarachnoid hemorrhage = bleeding between the ___ mater and ___ mater; it is usually from ruptured ___
Bleeding between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; it is usually from ruptured cerebral aneurysms
CSF is produced by the ___; it surrounds and cushions the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system; it is absorbed into the ___
CSF is produced by the choroid plexus; it surrounds and cushions the central nervous system; it is absorbed into the venous sinuses
Cranial nerve ___ innervates the muscles of facial expression and orbicularis oculi
Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)
Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve) is frequently monitored during what procedure?
Parotidectomy
Cranial nerve ___ innervates the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus, posterior oral mucosa, and some of the muscles of the pharynx involved in swallowing
Cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal)
Cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal nerve) provides what reflex?
Gag reflex
What branch of the vagus nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)
What muscle is the only adductor muscle of the vocal cords?
Cricothyroid muscle
What nerve(s) can be damaged during thyroid surgery?
Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)
What branch of the vagus nerve innervates the abductor muscles of the vocal cords?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)
Bilateral RLN damage can cause an ___ emergency
Airway emergency
Stimulation of the cardiac branches of the vagus nerve cause ___cardia
Bradycardia
Stimulation of the pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve cause broncho___
Bronchoconstriction
___ (what cells?) produce myelin sheath around the axons of the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
___ allow for potential regeneration of damaged axons in the PNS
Neurolemma
___ are highly aggressive neuroglial tumors
Glioblastomas
Damage to the ___ lobe of the brain can cause abnormal behavior
Frontal lobe
___ lobe is the visual center of the brain
Occipital lobe
___ is responsible for coordination and fine motor control
Cerebellum
Arterial blood supply to the brain comes from the bilateral ___ and ___ arteries
Bilateral carotid and vertebral arteries
Carotid and vertebral arteries feed into the ___
Circle of Willis
Carotid arteries branch to form the ___ and ___ cerebral arteries
Middle and anterior cerebral arteries
The right carotid artery arises from the ___ artery
Innominate artery
Both vertebral arteries arise from the ___ arteries
Subclavian arteries
The solid spinal cord ends as the ___ around the level of ___-___ in adults
Ends as the conus medullaris around the level of L1-L2 in adults
The conus medullaris is tethered to the coccyx by the ___
Filum terminalis
Cauda equina (horse’s tail) consists of the spinal nerve pairs from ___-___, ___ nerves, and ___ nerve
L2-L5, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve
The dorsal roots are ___ (sensory/motor) fibers arising from the cell bodies in the ___ root ganglia
Dorsal roots are sensory fibers arising from the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia
Ventral roots are the ___ (sensory/motor) fibers arising from the ___ horn of the spinal cord
Ventral roots are the motor fibers arising from the ventral horn of the spinal cord
___ cell bodies are located in the ___ (dorsal/ventral) horn of the spine; they connect ___ and ___ neurons; they are responsible for ___ responses to stimuli
Interneuron cell bodies are located in the dorsal horn of the spine; they connect sensory and motor neurons; they are responsible for reflex responses to stimuli
Cervical spinal nerves 1-7 exit from ___ (above/below) their respective vertebral bodies
Exit from above their respective vertebral bodies
Cervical spinal nerve 8 exits from ___ (above/below) C7
Below C7
Remaining spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord from the same numbered vertebral body—T/F?
True
What nerve is the sole motor supply of the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve C3-C5
Bilateral phrenic nerve injury will lead to ___
Respiratory failure
What nerve is frequently blocked during an interscalene block?
Phrenic nerve
The anterior spinal artery arises from ___ arteries and extends to the ___
Arises from vertebral arteries and extends to the conus medullaris
Posterior spinal arteries arise from ___ arteries and extend to the ___
Arise from vertebral arteries and extend to the conus medullaris
Brachial plexus injuries can arise from improper ___
Improper positioning of the arms (stretch injuries)
Ulnar injuries can arise from improper ___
Positioning
Abducted arms must have ___ (supinated/pronated) hands
Supinated hands
What nerve can be damaged by improper positioning of the legs during surgery?
Common peroneal nerve
___ nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and motor innervation to the quad muscles
Femoral nerve
Motor innervation to the leg below the knee is provided by the ___ nerve
Sciatic nerve
Ascending spinal tracts carry sensory impulses ___ (away from/toward) the brain
Carry sensory impulses toward the brain
Ascending spinal tracts have first order neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___
First order neurons that originate in the periphery and terminate in the spinal cord
Ascending spinal tracts have second order neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___
Second order neurons that originate in the spinal cord and terminate in the thalamus
Descending spinal tracts carry sensory impulses ___ (away from/towards) the brain
Carry sensory impulses away from the brain
It’s just impulses but if you see “sensory impulses” on the test, just roll with it
Descending spinal tracts have UPPER motor neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___
Originate in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord
Descending spinal tracts have LOWER motor neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate at the ___
Originate in the spinal cord and terminate at the neuromotor junction
Baroreceptors are a type of ___receptor
Mechanoreceptor
Nociceptors detect ___ and ___ to tissue, either physical or chemical
Detect pain and damage to tissue, either physical or chemical
