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KLowe Neuro > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

The blood brain barrier is created by ___; it allows for the passage of ___, ___ molecules such as scopolamine; it prevents the passage of ___, ___ molecules such as glycopyrrolate

A

The blood brain barrier is created by astrocytes; it allows for the passage of small, lipophilic molecules such as scopolamine; it prevents the passage of large, charged molecules such as glycopyrrolate

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2
Q

Scopolamine ___ (can/cannot) pass the blood brain barrier

A

Can

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3
Q

Glycopyrrolate ___ (can/cannot) pass the blood brain barrier

A

Cannot

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4
Q

Myelin is produced by ___ cells in the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system; it surrounds and protects most ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system axons; it ___ (increases/decreases) nerve conduction velocities

A

Myelin is produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system; it surrounds and protects most peripheral nervous system axons; it increases nerve conduction velocities

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5
Q

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system

A

Central nervous system

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6
Q

What are the three main components of the intracranial vault?

A
  • Brain
  • Blood
  • CSF
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7
Q

Blood = ___-___% of the intracranial vault

A

5-10%

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8
Q

Afferent impulses go towards the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system

A

Central nervous system

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9
Q

___ is the processing center of sensory information

A

Thalamus

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10
Q

___ is the “captain” of the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

___ controls respiration and cardiovascular function

A

Brain stem

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12
Q

___ mater adheres directly to brain and spinal cord

A

Pia

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13
Q

___ mater is the middle layer; contains CSF

A

Arachnoid mater

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14
Q

___ mater is the outer layer

A

Dura

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15
Q

The two layers of the dura mater form the ___ of the brain

A

Venous sinuses

Specifically—the dural venous sinuses are inbetween the periosteal/endosteal layer + the meningeal layer of the dura mater

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16
Q

___ hematoma is bleeding between the skull and the dura mater

A

Epidural hematoma

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17
Q

Epidural hematomas are usually ___ (arterial/venous) in origin

A

Arterial in origin—usually the meningeal arteries

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18
Q

Subdural hematoma = bleeding between the ___ and ___ mater; results from tears in ___

A

Bleeding between the dura and arachnoid mater; results from tears in bridging veins

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19
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage = bleeding between the ___ mater and ___ mater; it is usually from ruptured ___

A

Bleeding between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; it is usually from ruptured cerebral aneurysms

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20
Q

CSF is produced by the ___; it surrounds and cushions the ___ (central/peripheral) nervous system; it is absorbed into the ___

A

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus; it surrounds and cushions the central nervous system; it is absorbed into the venous sinuses

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21
Q

Cranial nerve ___ innervates the muscles of facial expression and orbicularis oculi

A

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)

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22
Q

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve) is frequently monitored during what procedure?

A

Parotidectomy

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23
Q

Cranial nerve ___ innervates the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus, posterior oral mucosa, and some of the muscles of the pharynx involved in swallowing

A

Cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal)

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24
Q

Cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal nerve) provides what reflex?

A

Gag reflex

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25
Q

What branch of the vagus nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)

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26
Q

What muscle is the only adductor muscle of the vocal cords?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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27
Q

What nerve(s) can be damaged during thyroid surgery?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

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28
Q

What branch of the vagus nerve innervates the abductor muscles of the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

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29
Q

Bilateral RLN damage can cause an ___ emergency

A

Airway emergency

30
Q

Stimulation of the cardiac branches of the vagus nerve cause ___cardia

A

Bradycardia

31
Q

Stimulation of the pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve cause broncho___

A

Bronchoconstriction

32
Q

___ (what cells?) produce myelin sheath around the axons of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

33
Q

___ allow for potential regeneration of damaged axons in the PNS

A

Neurolemma

34
Q

___ are highly aggressive neuroglial tumors

A

Glioblastomas

35
Q

Damage to the ___ lobe of the brain can cause abnormal behavior

A

Frontal lobe

36
Q

___ lobe is the visual center of the brain

A

Occipital lobe

37
Q

___ is responsible for coordination and fine motor control

A

Cerebellum

38
Q

Arterial blood supply to the brain comes from the bilateral ___ and ___ arteries

A

Bilateral carotid and vertebral arteries

39
Q

Carotid and vertebral arteries feed into the ___

A

Circle of Willis

40
Q

Carotid arteries branch to form the ___ and ___ cerebral arteries

A

Middle and anterior cerebral arteries

41
Q

The right carotid artery arises from the ___ artery

A

Innominate artery

42
Q

Both vertebral arteries arise from the ___ arteries

A

Subclavian arteries

43
Q

The solid spinal cord ends as the ___ around the level of ___-___ in adults

A

Ends as the conus medullaris around the level of L1-L2 in adults

44
Q

The conus medullaris is tethered to the coccyx by the ___

A

Filum terminalis

45
Q

Cauda equina (horse’s tail) consists of the spinal nerve pairs from ___-___, ___ nerves, and ___ nerve

A

L2-L5, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve

46
Q

The dorsal roots are ___ (sensory/motor) fibers arising from the cell bodies in the ___ root ganglia

A

Dorsal roots are sensory fibers arising from the cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia

47
Q

Ventral roots are the ___ (sensory/motor) fibers arising from the ___ horn of the spinal cord

A

Ventral roots are the motor fibers arising from the ventral horn of the spinal cord

48
Q

___ cell bodies are located in the ___ (dorsal/ventral) horn of the spine; they connect ___ and ___ neurons; they are responsible for ___ responses to stimuli

A

Interneuron cell bodies are located in the dorsal horn of the spine; they connect sensory and motor neurons; they are responsible for reflex responses to stimuli

49
Q

Cervical spinal nerves 1-7 exit from ___ (above/below) their respective vertebral bodies

A

Exit from above their respective vertebral bodies

50
Q

Cervical spinal nerve 8 exits from ___ (above/below) C7

A

Below C7

51
Q

Remaining spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord from the same numbered vertebral body—T/F?

A

True

52
Q

What nerve is the sole motor supply of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve C3-C5

53
Q

Bilateral phrenic nerve injury will lead to ___

A

Respiratory failure

54
Q

What nerve is frequently blocked during an interscalene block?

A

Phrenic nerve

55
Q

The anterior spinal artery arises from ___ arteries and extends to the ___

A

Arises from vertebral arteries and extends to the conus medullaris

56
Q

Posterior spinal arteries arise from ___ arteries and extend to the ___

A

Arise from vertebral arteries and extend to the conus medullaris

57
Q

Brachial plexus injuries can arise from improper ___

A

Improper positioning of the arms (stretch injuries)

58
Q

Ulnar injuries can arise from improper ___

A

Positioning

59
Q

Abducted arms must have ___ (supinated/pronated) hands

A

Supinated hands

60
Q

What nerve can be damaged by improper positioning of the legs during surgery?

A

Common peroneal nerve

61
Q

___ nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and motor innervation to the quad muscles

A

Femoral nerve

62
Q

Motor innervation to the leg below the knee is provided by the ___ nerve

A

Sciatic nerve

63
Q

Ascending spinal tracts carry sensory impulses ___ (away from/toward) the brain

A

Carry sensory impulses toward the brain

64
Q

Ascending spinal tracts have first order neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___

A

First order neurons that originate in the periphery and terminate in the spinal cord

65
Q

Ascending spinal tracts have second order neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___

A

Second order neurons that originate in the spinal cord and terminate in the thalamus

66
Q

Descending spinal tracts carry sensory impulses ___ (away from/towards) the brain

A

Carry sensory impulses away from the brain

It’s just impulses but if you see “sensory impulses” on the test, just roll with it

67
Q

Descending spinal tracts have UPPER motor neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate in the ___

A

Originate in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord

68
Q

Descending spinal tracts have LOWER motor neurons that originate in the ___ and terminate at the ___

A

Originate in the spinal cord and terminate at the neuromotor junction

69
Q

Baroreceptors are a type of ___receptor

A

Mechanoreceptor

70
Q

Nociceptors detect ___ and ___ to tissue, either physical or chemical

A

Detect pain and damage to tissue, either physical or chemical

KLowe Neuro (3 decks)

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