EXAM 1 REVIEW Flashcards
specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification
microbiology
invisible to the naked eye
microscopic
a living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size
microorganisms
microorganism
microbes
category of prokaryotes w/ peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosome(s). This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth’s habitats.
bacteria
microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
viruses
a group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms
protozoa
term that designates all parasitic worms
helminths
macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that can be uni- or multicellular
fungi
a member of the domain Eukarya whose cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and algae
eukaryote
a single-celled organism that does not have special structures such as a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea
prokaryote
accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments
evolution
evidence cited to explain how evolution occurs
theory of evolution
process occurring in plants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the sun’s energy and converts it to ATP in the cell. This energy is used to fix CO2 into organic compounds.
photosynthesis
breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things
decomposition
field involving deliberate alteration (recombination) of the genomes of microbes, plants , and animals though special technological processes
genetic engineering
technology aka genetic engineering; deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants and viruses
recombinant DNA technology
decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes or consortia of microbes
bioremediation
any agent that causes diseases; usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth
pathogens
prokaryotic single celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats
archaea
one of the three domains of living organisms, as proposed by Woese; contains all eukaryotic organisms
eukarya
an elementary virus particle in its complete morphological and thus infectious form; consists of nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid, which can be enclosed in an envelope
virion
an organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection; produces some degree of harm in the host
parasites
small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in function
organelles
organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed and reproduce
hosts
early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter
spontaneous generation
belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life
abiogenesis
a complex association that arises from a mixture of microorganisms growing together on the surface of a habitat
biofilms
a techniques that amplifies segments of DNA for testing.; using denaturation, primers, and heat-resistant DNA polymerase, the number can be increased several-million-fold
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge, involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experimentation and the formation and testing of a hypothesis.
scientific method
tentative explanation of what has been observed or measured
hypothesis
collection of statements, propositions, or concepts, that explains or accounts for a natural event
theory
completely free from all life forms, including spores and viruses
sterile
method of handling microbial cultures, patient specimens, and other sources of microbes in a way that prevents infection of the handler and other who may be exposed
aseptic techniques
originated in 1800s that proposed that microorganisms can be the cause of diseases; established in the present time that is tis considered a fact
germ theory of disease
a set system for scientifically naming organisms, enzymes, anatomical structures, and so on
nomenclature
formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
taxonomy
taxonomic categories
taxa
scientific method of assigning names to organisms that employs two names to identify every organism- genus name plus species name
binomial system
the broadest general category to which an organism is assigned member share only one or a few general characteristics
domain
second division of classification
kingdom
third level of classification
phylum
alternate term for phylum
division
division of organisms that follows phylum
class
division of organisms that follows class; increasing similarity may be noticed among organisms assigned to the same order
order
midlevel division of organisms that groups more closely related organism than previous levels
family
second most specific level
genus
most specific level of organization
species
levels of power; arrangement in order of rank
hierarchies
bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths
major microbe groups
When did bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes arise?
2.9 billion years ago
What important roles do microbes play on earth for life to exist?
play centrals roles essential to life-nutrient cycling, decomposition, maintain atmosphere and regulate temperature
What is the rank of infectious disease death in the US for: lower respiratory flu/pneumonia
lower respiratory: #3 (141,00) flu/pneumonia: #8 (56,000
What is the rank of infectious disease death worldwide for lower respiratory from flu/pneumonia, diarrheal disease, HIV/AIDS and TB (in order)?
3: lower respiratory from flu/pneumonia (3.5 million) #5: diarrheal disease (2.5 million) #6: HIV/AIDS (1.8 million) #8: TB (1.3 million)
What is pneumonia and what can cause it?
inflammation of alveoli, fluid can be caused by influenza, a different virus or bacteria
Why is the flu more severe this season?
H3N2 mutates faster more difficult to grow H3N2 in eggs in the process of adapting virus to grow in eggs, introduce further changes to the virus, which may impair effectiveness of vaccine flu shots 30% effective
What is the most infectious microbe (non-human transmission)?
malaria
What is the most infectious microbe (human to human transmission)?
measles
What are some examples of emerging diseases?
SARS MERS Lassa fever Ebola HIV Nipah virus
What are some examples of re-emerging diseases?
yellow fever cholera plague dengue whooping cough (pertussis) West Nile measles
What are some examples of diseases considered noninfectious, now found to be caused by microbes?
gastric ulcers: caused by Helicobacter pylori link between cancers and bacteria and viruses Cocksackie virus associated with diabetes Borna agent linked to schrizophenia
About 10X smaller than eukaryotic cells lack organelles single celled
bacterial and Archaeal cells
Consist of ribosomes, chromosomes, cell wall, cell membrane and flagellum
Bacteria and Archaea
Consists of ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, flagellum
Eukaryotes
Consist of envelope, Capsid, nucleic acid
Virus
Is a virus considered a cell?
No
What is an example of a helminth?
Taenia solium (looks like a worm with a head)
What is an example of a fungus?
Syncephalastrum (looks like a flower)
What is an example of protozoan?
Vorticella (looks like little vortex of a tornado)
What is an example of a bacterium?
E. coli (looks like little tiny eggs like lice)
What is an example of a virus?
Herpes simplex (looks like craters)
Where are the majority of microorganisms found and are they harmful?
habitats such as soil and water either harmless or beneficial
What type of microbe is harbored and nourished by the host; causes damage and disease in the host; and some have symbiotic relationships?
Parasites
Who performed the experiment disproving spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
What experiments disproved spontaneous generation?
Placed meat into two jars and covered one with fine gauze, preventing flies form lading on it leaving the other uncovered (Redi) Showed that the dust in in air were the source of growth in infusions and broth (Pasteur)
Who provided the earliest record of microbes by using a single-lens microscope made by himself?
Robert Hooke
Who made a crude microscope to examine threads in fabrics, made drawings of what he called “animalcules” in rainwater and scraped from his teeth; discovered first live cells?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Who observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than mothers who gave birth in the hospital?
Oliver Wendell Holmes
Who showed quite clearly that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room?
Ignaz Semmelweiz
Who was the first to introduce aseptic techniques such as hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals to reduce microbe number?
Joseph Lister
Who invented pasteurization and completed some of the first studies showing that human diseases could arise from infection?
Louis Pasteur
Who linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease, established a set of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease, showed anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis, invented inoculation, isolation, media, culture maintenance and specimen prep?
Robert Koch
What is it called when you make an observation and create a general principle?
inductive reasoning
What is called when you make an observation using an accepted general principle as a guide to explain specific observations?
deductive reasoning
Science is a process of _________?
observation, experimentation and reasoning
What are the levels of classification from most general to most specific? “Dear Katie Please Come Over For Great Snacks”
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What is the proper way to write a scientific name?
Genus/Species name Genus name is always capitalized/can be abbreviated Species name always begin with lower case Both names should be italicized when in print or underlined when written
tangible materials that occupy space and have mass
matter
smallest particle of an element to retain all the properties of that element
atom
elementary particle that carries a positive charge, identical to the nucleus of they hydrogen atom
protons
electrically neutral particle in the nuclei of all atoms except hydrogen
neutrons
negative charged subatomic particle that is distributed around the nucleus in an atom
electrons
substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances without losing its chemical characteristics
elements
version of an element that is virtually identical in all chemical properties to another version except that their atoms have slightly different atomic masses
isotopes
pathways of electrons as they rotate around the nucleus of an atom
orbitals
distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms
molecule
molecules that are combination of two or more different elements
compounds
link formed between molecules when tow or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons
chemical bonds
combining power of an atom based upon the number of electrons it can either take on or give up
valence
chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between 2 atoms
covalent bonds
a molecule with asymmetrical distribution of charges, such a molecule has a positive and a negative pole
polar
electrically neutral molecule formed by covalent bonds between atoms that have the same or similar electronegativity
nonpolar
