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Biology 116 > Exam 1 review > Flashcards

Exam 1 review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transduction?

A

Prokaryotic gene transfer via virus

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2
Q

SEQ bryophyte reproduction from spore stage

A

Gametophyte (n) dominant:

  • Spore -> protonemata
  • Protonemata grows gametagonia
  • Sperm and egg produced in antheridium and archegonium
  • Sperm swims to egg
  • Fertilisation in archegonium

Sporophyte (2n) dependent:

  • Embryo in archegonium
  • Seta emerges from archegonium
  • Peristome sporangium at tip of archegonium
  • Releases haploid spores
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3
Q

What defines gnathostomes?

A

Jaws
mineralised skeleton
4 hox genes

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4
Q

What are the key lophotrocazoa taxa?

A

Platyhelminthes - acoelomate flat worms
Rotifera - v. small, have cilia corona
Annelida - little rings, earthworms

Mollusca: mantle secreating CaCO3, visceral mass, foot, radula. Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

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5
Q

What defines echinodermata?

A

Water vascular system

ex: starfish

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6
Q

What is a mycelium?

A

A mass of fungi hyphae

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7
Q

What characteristics are shared by plants and carophytes?

A

Sporopollenin
Ring of cellulose-producing cells in PM
Flagellated sperm
Phragmoplasts

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8
Q

What is the basal mammal

A

Monotreme

Lays eggs, no nipples. E.g. platypus

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9
Q

How many extant metazoa spp have been identified?

A

1.3 million million

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10
Q

What are ascomycota?

A

Most fungi. Sexual ascospores.

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11
Q

What are endophytes?

A

Live on plants. Deter herbivores

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12
Q

What defines chordata?

A

dorsal notochord
dorsal nerve chord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post-anal muscular tail

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13
Q

What defines lobefins?

A

Muscular fins at pectoral and pelvic region

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14
Q

What defines amniotes?

A

Amniotic egg, ribcage

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15
Q

What are the basal osteoictheyes?

A

Actinoperygii - salmon, trout

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16
Q

What are glomeromycota?

A

Fungal taxon, form arbuscular micorrhizae, provide nutrients to plants

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17
Q

What are chytrids?

A

basal fungal taxon. have flagellated zoospores

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18
Q

What are the basal lobefins?

A

Actinista / Coelocanths

Dipnoi / Lungfish – have better gills

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19
Q

What are zygomycota?

A

Fungal taxon, found in soil, very hardy spores

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20
Q

What characteristics define plants?

A 
Alternation of generations
Multicellular dependent embryos
Apical meristems
Multicellular gametagonia
Walled spores
Cuticle and stomata
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21
Q

What are haustoria?

A

Specialised hyphae that extract nutrients from plants

22
Q

What percentage of metazoa are invertebrates?

A

95%

23
Q

What defines vertebrae?

A
  • Bone or cartilage backbone

- 2 hox genes

24
Q

What is a seta?

A

Develops from moss embryo in sporophyte stage

25
Q

What are the basal chordates?

A

Lancelets - suspension feeders, 1 hox genes

Tunicates - suspension feeders, 1 hox gene, only show chordate features in embryo

26
Q

What is a protostome?

A

Spiral determinate cleavage
Blastopore becomes mouth
Coelom comes from masses of mesoderm

27
Q

What is the basal gnathostome?

A

Condrictheyes = shark

28
Q

What are the key cnidaria features?

A

Thready discharge

Jellyfish, anenomes

29
Q

What defines eutherians?

A

Placental mammals!

30
Q

What are the key porifera features?

A

Osculum, spongocoel,

coanocytes => generate water flow

31
Q

What defines marsupials?

A

Live young

Kangaroo, koala, opossum

32
Q

What are the key ecdysozoan taxa?

A

Nematoda: have cuticle, pseudocoelomate, c elegans/heartworm

Arthropoda: jointed appendages, chitin, deuterostome development, head, thorax, absomen

33
Q

What is a pseudo-coelom?

A

Fluid-filled coelom but not fully lined with mesoderm. Lines with mix of mesoderm and endoderm

34
Q

What is a pilis?

A

Mating bridge in prokaryotic conjugation

35
Q

How many extant metazoa spp do we think there are?

A

10-20 million million

36
Q

What are the basal amniotes?

A

Reptiles, inc birds

37
Q

What defines osteoictheyes?

A

Calcium phosphate bones, lungs

38
Q

Discuss the scale of asexual reproduction:

A 
P(mutation) = 1e-7 per gene per division
2e10 divisions per day
2e3 mutations per gene per day
4.5e3 genes
9e6 total mutations
39
Q

What are the derived characteristics of all bilateria?

A

Bilateral symmetry

Triploblasts

40
Q

What defines tetrapods?

A

Four limbs with digits
Fused pelvic girdle
Necks

41
Q

What is the basal tetrapod?

A

Amphibians - water eggs

42
Q

What is a peristome?

A

Moss sporangium in sporophyte stage

43
Q

What is a deuterostome?

A

Radial indeterminate cleavage
Blastopore becomes anus
Coelom from infolding of archenteron

44
Q

What are basidiomycota?

A

Only reproduce sexually. Basidiospores

45
Q

What are basal vertebrae?

A

Hagfish, lampreys - jawless fish

46
Q

What are the key lophotrochazoa features?

A 
Lophophores = feeding structures
Trocophore = type of larva
47
Q

What defines mammals?

A

Mammary glands, hair, subcutaneous fat, live young

48
Q

What are the derived characteristics of all metazoa?

A 
No cell walls
Fibroconnectin extracellular matrix
Differentiated cells
Nerve cells
Embryonic dev: cleavage, blastula, gastrulation
Dev regulated by gene expression
49
Q

How many extant metazoa phyla are there?

A

36

50
Q

What is a protonemata?

A

Develops from moss spore in gametophyte stage

Biology 116 (7 decks)

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