Exam 1 review Flashcards
What is transduction?
Prokaryotic gene transfer via virus
SEQ bryophyte reproduction from spore stage
Gametophyte (n) dominant:
- Spore -> protonemata
- Protonemata grows gametagonia
- Sperm and egg produced in antheridium and archegonium
- Sperm swims to egg
- Fertilisation in archegonium
Sporophyte (2n) dependent:
- Embryo in archegonium
- Seta emerges from archegonium
- Peristome sporangium at tip of archegonium
- Releases haploid spores
What defines gnathostomes?
Jaws
mineralised skeleton
4 hox genes
What are the key lophotrocazoa taxa?
Platyhelminthes - acoelomate flat worms
Rotifera - v. small, have cilia corona
Annelida - little rings, earthworms
Mollusca: mantle secreating CaCO3, visceral mass, foot, radula. Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods
What defines echinodermata?
Water vascular system
ex: starfish
What is a mycelium?
A mass of fungi hyphae
What characteristics are shared by plants and carophytes?
Sporopollenin
Ring of cellulose-producing cells in PM
Flagellated sperm
Phragmoplasts
What is the basal mammal
Monotreme
Lays eggs, no nipples. E.g. platypus
How many extant metazoa spp have been identified?
1.3 million million
What are ascomycota?
Most fungi. Sexual ascospores.
What are endophytes?
Live on plants. Deter herbivores
What defines chordata?
dorsal notochord
dorsal nerve chord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post-anal muscular tail
What defines lobefins?
Muscular fins at pectoral and pelvic region
What defines amniotes?
Amniotic egg, ribcage
What are the basal osteoictheyes?
Actinoperygii - salmon, trout
What are glomeromycota?
Fungal taxon, form arbuscular micorrhizae, provide nutrients to plants
What are chytrids?
basal fungal taxon. have flagellated zoospores
What are the basal lobefins?
Actinista / Coelocanths
Dipnoi / Lungfish – have better gills
What are zygomycota?
Fungal taxon, found in soil, very hardy spores
What characteristics define plants?
Alternation of generations Multicellular dependent embryos Apical meristems Multicellular gametagonia Walled spores Cuticle and stomata
What are haustoria?
Specialised hyphae that extract nutrients from plants
What percentage of metazoa are invertebrates?
95%
What defines vertebrae?
- Bone or cartilage backbone
- 2 hox genes
What is a seta?
Develops from moss embryo in sporophyte stage
What are the basal chordates?
Lancelets - suspension feeders, 1 hox genes
Tunicates - suspension feeders, 1 hox gene, only show chordate features in embryo
What is a protostome?
Spiral determinate cleavage
Blastopore becomes mouth
Coelom comes from masses of mesoderm
What is the basal gnathostome?
Condrictheyes = shark
What are the key cnidaria features?
Thready discharge
Jellyfish, anenomes
What defines eutherians?
Placental mammals!
What are the key porifera features?
Osculum, spongocoel,
coanocytes => generate water flow
What defines marsupials?
Live young
Kangaroo, koala, opossum
What are the key ecdysozoan taxa?
Nematoda: have cuticle, pseudocoelomate, c elegans/heartworm
Arthropoda: jointed appendages, chitin, deuterostome development, head, thorax, absomen
What is a pseudo-coelom?
Fluid-filled coelom but not fully lined with mesoderm. Lines with mix of mesoderm and endoderm
What is a pilis?
Mating bridge in prokaryotic conjugation
How many extant metazoa spp do we think there are?
10-20 million million
What are the basal amniotes?
Reptiles, inc birds
What defines osteoictheyes?
Calcium phosphate bones, lungs
Discuss the scale of asexual reproduction:
P(mutation) = 1e-7 per gene per division 2e10 divisions per day 2e3 mutations per gene per day 4.5e3 genes 9e6 total mutations
What are the derived characteristics of all bilateria?
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblasts
What defines tetrapods?
Four limbs with digits
Fused pelvic girdle
Necks
What is the basal tetrapod?
Amphibians - water eggs
What is a peristome?
Moss sporangium in sporophyte stage
What is a deuterostome?
Radial indeterminate cleavage
Blastopore becomes anus
Coelom from infolding of archenteron
What are basidiomycota?
Only reproduce sexually. Basidiospores
What are basal vertebrae?
Hagfish, lampreys - jawless fish
What are the key lophotrochazoa features?
Lophophores = feeding structures Trocophore = type of larva
What defines mammals?
Mammary glands, hair, subcutaneous fat, live young
What are the derived characteristics of all metazoa?
No cell walls Fibroconnectin extracellular matrix Differentiated cells Nerve cells Embryonic dev: cleavage, blastula, gastrulation Dev regulated by gene expression
How many extant metazoa phyla are there?
36
What is a protonemata?
Develops from moss spore in gametophyte stage
