Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Power-Public
Social Movements and Interest Groups
◦Movements–More participants, less organization (power diffuse)
◦Interest groups –Fewer participants, greater organization (power concentrated)
Power-Public: Environmental movement
Emerged as movement in 1960s, early 70s
Widespread support -not simply fringe or partisan efforts
Passage of substantial environmental legislation
◦Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Wilderness Act, NEPA, ESA
Why did the Environmental movement loss momentum
People thought that it was addressed, formal groups were forming, leaders burnt out,
Power-money/direct influence
Individual –wealth
◦Organizational –funds
Direct influence: power over property, businesses, means of production
Power-money indirect influence
Indirect influence
◦Gain access to those in power (government)
◦Organize and/or support public efforts to advocate for your interests (public power)
◦Mobilize public opinion through media campaigns Power-
Sources of power-Gov
Position(government)
◦Elected –politicians, judges
◦Appointed –judges, executive branch
◦Professional –bureaucrats
Sources of Power-Public
Public
◦Social movements –mass movements, power based on size
◦Interest groups –represent range of positions, thought leaders
Sources of power-money
Money
◦Individual –wealth
◦Organizational –funds to support causes
What constitutes a “taking”?
Action by government depriving a person of private real or personal property without payment of just compensation
How can takings occur?
Physically occupying land (obvious)
◦Reduction in property value through regulations (less obvious)
Property
Property is a social concept that describes
peoples’ relationship to a resource or course
of action (Cortner & Moote, p. 115)
Property Rights
Control - over components, how complete?
◦ Transferable without anyone’s approval
◦ Secure - uncoerced consent required to relinquish it
Fee Simple: Ownership
Absolute and unqualified legal title to real property
Owner(s) has unconditional power of disposition of the property during his or her lifetime
Less than Fee Simple: Ownership
Less than absolute and unqualified legal title to real property
Examples –easements, leases, use permits, joint use / cooperative agreements
Common in rec., sport & leisure
When are governments liable to compensate property owners for taking their property?
When physically occupy property (entitled to just compensation)
Eminent Domain –Governments can claim property even against wishes of landowner if provide just compensation
When regulations reduce value/utility of property
Depends on if regulations are for “legitimate public purposes”
Degree of economic loss of property value/utilityProperty
Do the following represent regulatory takings if owners uncompensated?
Takings: Action by government depriving a person of private real or personal property without payment of just compensation) ◦Zoning regulations ◦Air/water discharge regulations ◦Open space easements ◦Endangered species protection
How relate to the Endangered Species Act?
Pacific Northwest controversy
◦Spotted owl on public land?
Federal managers charged with developing recovery plan; modify actions that may lead to harm
Polity-Structure
Structure-Power relationships between individuals, organizations, and governments (all 3 branches)
Polity-Institions
Institutions-Leadership, authority, regulation
◦Leadership-assignment of responsibility for legitimate exercise of power to reach collective goals
◦Authority -right to specific decisions binding on members of society
◦Regulation -controls that establish set limits on acceptable actions
Relation to Natural world
Relation to Natural World –How goals are set and decisions are made regarding management (use, preservation, etc.)
Acquisition –Where did the land come from?
Growth of the public domain
Began with land cessions from the original states to the federal government
-Land also purchased
Acquisition
1862: public domain over 1.8 billion acres
At that time –Natural resources
◦Recognized as a national asset
◦Could support national development through resource extraction
How were lands transferred?
Land Act of 1796 (sold based on credit)
◦Homestead Act of 1862 (land granted to settlers to improve condition) –follow up laws to increase acreage
◦General Mining Act of 1872 –claim minerals and land
◦Land grants to railroads
◦Land grants for military service
◦Land grants to states for education (“land grant” university
Shift in approach towards retaining some lands in public ownership
Goals: To enable sustained yield of resources and protect special/unique locations
1872 –often noted as benchmark year in shift towards Retention
Power-Professionals (bureaucrats)
80% of federal workforce
Technical or managerial/administrative expertise
Implement policies as decided by executive/legislative branches
Most career employees transcend multiple executive administrations
Formal power relationships in the U.S. (government)
Power to own and manage lands in public domain is established in U.S. Constitution
Federalism -power is not concentrated
◦Federal -State -Local governments
◦State’s Rights (10th Amendment)
All powers not specified as federal powers in the U.S. Constitution are reserved as State powers
Checks & Balances -power is divided
◦Legislative, Executive, Judicial branches of governmentFormal
Examples of how the Federal Government uses sovereignty and powers related to natural resources
Treaty Clause (Article I, Sec. 10)-“No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation…” ◦Supremacy Clause (Article VI)-“This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States… and all Treaties…shall be the Supreme Law of the Land…”
STATES –States’ Rights
Wildlife -sovereign property of each State
Based on British Common Law -The King as sovereign owned wildlife
State holds wildlife in trust for the benefit of all its citizens
◦Exceptions?
When migrate across international borders; international treaties (Treaty Clause)
When Federally protected -Endangered Species Act (Supremacy Clause)
Social Movements and Interest Groups
Movements –More participants, less organization (power diffuse)
◦Interest groups –Fewer participants, greater organization (power concentrated)
How seek to achieve goals?
◦Moral -fundamental right
◦Legal -executive, legislative, judicial, regulatory, political (public)
◦Activism –protests, sabotage, violence
culture-structure
Structure -Symbolic relationships based on beliefs, values, attitudes and norms
Culture-Institutions
Institutions -Family, Education, Science, Religion, The Arts
culture-function
Function -Pattern maintenance
Culture-Relation to Natural World
Relation to Natural World -Source of values, beliefs, attitudes; influence decisions about appropriate uses
Econ-Structure
Structure -Market relationships between producers and consumers ($, but also non-$)
Econ-Institutions
Institutions -Contract, property, occupation
Econ-Function
Function -Adaptation to the environment
Econ-production
PRODUCTION -costs to produce goods that have exchange value in a market
Econ-Extraction
EXTRACTION -costs to remove resources from the environment (harvesting, mining, fishing)
Econ-Market
MARKET - a social system for distribution of
products (distribution costs)
Econ-Exchange
EXCHANGE - one thing of value for another
thing of equal value
Private Goods
Rival
Exclusive use
Market exchanges determine value
Typically based on tangible values
Public Goods
Non rivaled
No exclusive use
No market to establish value
Typically based on intangible values
Econ-Public Good
Air (to breath)
◦Non rivaled: I can enjoy, use without using it up
◦Exclusivity: Freely available, difficult to exclude others’ use
◦Market: Difficult/impossible to establish a market
Econ-Assigned Values
Assigned Values – Contingent Valuation
◦ Willingness to Pay (WTP) (for a benefit)
◦ What would you be willing to pay to protect a
spotted owl? To protect X acres of owl habitat?
What are some non economic rationales for providing public goods?
Existence –knowing special places/diversity protected whether you will visit them or not
Equity -social value of providing equal opportunity to access resources/provision of ecosystem services
Contract provides means to allow individuals and groups to form:
Ad hoc agreements to exchange goods, labor, etc. for money
◦And enter into mutual obligations involving future performances. (Lewis, p.8)
How do timber sales on US Forest Service land work?
USFS decides to conduct a timber harvest on some portion of land to meet particular objectives
◦Develop project description –volume, access, etc.
◦Conduct auction, contract goes to highest bidder
◦Winner then owns right to harvest timber according to obligations of contract
◦After work, USFS personnel certify actions meets standards in contract
Culture def
The expression of meaning in symbolic systems shared by members of a society
Cognitive Hierarchy
Values–Basic beliefs–value orientation–Attitudes–Behavioral Interntions–behaviors
Beliefs
Beliefs
◦Understanding
◦Basic facts as perceived by an individual
◦Strengthen and give meaning to values
Anthropocentric
Anthropocentric: human focused; natural resources exist to meet human needs (commodity or spiritual)
Biocentric
Biocentric: nature-focused; view natural items as having value in their own right regardless of human benefits
