EXAM 1 REVIEW Flashcards
Aristotle
Developed the concept of associationism.
Believed that memory depends on the formation of associations, for which there are 3 principles:
- Contiguity
- Frequency
- Similarity
Loved gathering data, was the first popular Greek philosopher to emphasize natural observation, not just intuition and logic.
An empiricist.
Studied under Plato, who studied under Socrates.
associationism
Aristotle’s idea that memory depends on the formation of linkages (associations) between events, sensations, and ideas. He recognized that recalling of experiencing one thing elicits a memory or anticipation of another thing that a person has mentally linked to it beforehand
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B.F. Skinner
Radical Behaviorism
The Skinner Box: automated learning apparatus
Found out (by accident) that rats learn as quickly and as frequently as when they are rewarded on every trial, sometimes even better!
Researched how learning is affected by the reliability with which the an organism’s responses result in the desired consequence
During World War II, Skinner began the Pigeon Project to use pidgins for missile guidance systems. This was never put in action.
behaviorism
Argued that the field of psychology should restrict itself to observable behaviors and avoid reference to unobservable, often ill-defined mental events.
Behaviorists thought that psychology should be dealt with as a natural science, with scientific experiments and methods.
John Watson
Clark Hull
B. F. Skinner
classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
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confounds
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cognitive revolution
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conditioned emotional response
W. K. Estes and B.F. Skinner
A new technique for studying learned fear
Foot shock and freezing behavior in rats
Cognitive Psychology
connectionist models
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contiguity
Nearness in time and/or space.
Events experienced at the same time (temporal contiguity) or in the same place (spatial contiguity) tend to be associated
One of Aristotle’s 3 principles of Association.
control/experimental group
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correlational study
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distributed representation
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dualism
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empiricism
The concept that knowledge is gained through experience.
The Greek word “Empiricus” means “Experience”
Aristotle was the 1st empiricist
Aristile, John Locke, William James, Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike
eugenics
Responsible for the Concept of Eugenics.
Encouraged marriage & procreation among the healthiest, strongest, and most intelligent members of society. Discouraged child-bearing in the mentally ill physically “unfit.”
Applied Darwin’s Natural Selection to the human condition.
Contributed to the Holocaust, thousands of forced sterilizations in the U.S., and other movements of “ethnic cleansing.”
Greek word for “well-born”: eugenes.
experimental psychology
A branch of psychology in which psychological theories are tested by experiment, rather than merely by observation of natural events.
The field of psychology began to be treated as an actual science.
- Herman Ebbinghaus = father of experimental psych
- Ivan Pavlov
- Edward Thorndike
extinction
The process of Reducing a LEARNED Response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reinforcement or punishment.
Pavlov, Classical Conditioning
generalization
The ability to transfer past learning to novel events and problems.
When one transfers what it has learned about one stimulus to another similar stimuli.
Herman Ebbinghaus
Began the movement into Experimental psychology.
Sought to explain the phenomena of memory with mathematical equations.
Not a wealthy man; did not own a lab, so he did experiments on himself.
Tested his own memory of nonsense words that he found in the book Through the Looking Glass.
Retention curves, forgetting, relearning
independent and dependent variable
independent variable: The thing that is manipulated in a study.
dependent variable: the observed thing whose change is being measured
instrumental (operant) conditioning
The kind of training in which subjects learn to make responses in order to obtain a reinforcement or avoid a punishment.
Think Edward Thorndike, Law of Effect
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist
Developed methods for animal learning.
Got a Nobel Prize for his research on saliva and digestion.
Noticed that dogs salivated when they heard the steps of the lab attendant who generally fed them.
In one experiment, they rang a doorbell before feeding the dogs until the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell.
This is Classical Conditioning!!
Used the analogy of the telephone.
learning curves, extinction,
John Watson
Father of Behaviorism
Found that rats had learned na automatic set of motor habits for moving through a maze, and that these habits were largely independent of external sensory cues.
Strong Empiricist, followed Locke’s ideas.
Ambitious, self-made
Had an affair with his research assistant, which blew up in the media.
johns Hopkins University gave him the option of ending then affair or leaving the university. He kept the assistant, left his wife, and left the university.
Then he entered the world of marketing. Invited Taste Tests and other advertising & marketing strategies
latent learning
Learning that takes place even when there’s no specific training to obtain or avoid a certain thing. Learning that is not motivated by external reinforcement/punishment.
Edward Tolman!!
Law of Effect
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learning curve
A graph showing learning performance (dependent v.) as a function of training time (independent v.)
Plots the number of training trials against the animals’ response
The Independent Variable, plotted on the Horizontal X-Axis: # of trainings
The Dependent Variable, plotted on the Vertical Y-Axis: animals’ response
Pavlov, Classical Conditioning
Maine de Biran
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nativism
The belief that most of our Knowledge is Inborn.
Plato was the first Nativist. He believed that our inborn knowledge was acquired during past lifetimes of the eternal soul.
The “Nature” side of nature vs. nurture
Plato, Rene Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz, Charles Darwin, Francis Galton
natural selection
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radical behaviorism
B. F. Skinner!!!
In his book “Beyond Freedom and Dignity,” Skinner advocated extreme behaviorism, in which he said that free will and consciousness are only illusions. He said that humans, like animals, only blindly produce learned responses to environmental stimuli.
reflex
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stimulus
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symbol manipulation models
Models of Learning & Memory that store & manipulate symbols and labeled links (links such as “is-married-to” or “type-of”)
Symbol = internal representation if concepts qualities, ideas, etc., of the external world
Herbert Simon
Cognitive Approach
William James
The very 1st formal psychologist
Got his medical degree and taught at Harvard.
Wrote the very 1st formal psychology textbook: Principles of Psychology
William James remembered a man that was an army veteran. The kids would yell “Attention!” and he would salute automaticlly from habit.
An Empiricist
James believed in Aristotle’s associationism.
His memory model: circles connected to each other. He believed this model mapped onto the brain
AMPA receptor
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Bell-Magendie law of neural specialization
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central nervous system (CNS)
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cerebral cortex
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computed tomography (CT)
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dendrites & spines
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difference image
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Donald Hebb
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electroencephalography (EEG)
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engram
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event-related potential (ERP)
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excitatory postsyanptic potential (EPSP)
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frontal lobe
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