Exam 1 Review 2 Flashcards
Vitamin absorption mainly occurs in the _______ and ___________
jejunum, ilium
Vitamins are transported to ___________
liver and fatty tissues
________ diffuse through the blood
Water-soluble vitamins
B-12 Deficiency Causes
celiac disease, anemia, gastrectomy, Crohn’s disease
______ influences mineral absorption
Gender
Common Pathways for Mineral Excretion
Feces (Rectum)
Urine (Kidney)
Sweat (Skin)
Where does water of absorption take place?
The small and large intestine absorb about 9 L of water per day
Muscle Fiber Types
Type 1: slow twitch oxidative fibers
Type 2a: fast twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers
Type 2b: fast twitch glycolytic fibers
Definition of Bioenergetics
flow of energy within a living system
Types of Biological work: Mechanical, Chemical, and Transport
Mechanical: muscle contraction
Chemical: synthesizing chemical molecules
Transport: concentrates diverse substances in body fluids
Use of ATP
- To power forms of biological work
Phosphocreatine
- releases large amounts of energy
- provide a reservoir for high energy phosphate bonds.
Phosphorylation
- refers to energy transfer through phosphate bonds
Lipogenesis
The formation of fat, mostly in the cytoplasm of liver cells
Occurs when excess glucose or protein is not used immediately
- Needs ATP and the B vitamins (biotin, niacin and pantothenic acid)
Adipocytes
Adipose tissue serves as an active and major supplier of fatty acid molecules.
Type 1 (Slow Twitch) Characteristics
smaller fibers
higher fatigue resistance
uses glucose lipids and amino acids
lower power potential
aerobic ATP production
Type 2 (Fast Twitch) Characteristics
larger fibers
lower fatigue resistance
uses primarily glucose fuels
higher power potential
anaerobic ATP production
____ and ____ (high energy phosphates) supply most of the energy for brief all-out exercise
ATP, PCr
- Provide 50% of energy required for intense workout
Carbohydrate use during exercise
Muscle glycogen
Blood glucose
-impacted by availability of glucose
Sources of fat during exercise
Free fatty acids
- Fat is 50% of light and moderate exercise
Protein use during exercise
The amount of protein energy depends upon nutritional status and intensity of exercise
Aerobic energy transfer
Occurs during intense exercise, intermediate duration, 5-10 minutes
Anaerobic energy transfer
Energy supply for fast movements, those requiring high power fast twitch muscle fibers, short duration
calorie
one calorie expresses the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 k of water by 1 degree celsius
Respiratory Quotient
ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed (in cells)
- RQ = CO2 produced ÷ O2 consumed
Net energy value
actual energy available to the body
Factors that determine total daily energy expenditure (during rest and physical activity):
Resting metabolic rate
Thermogenic influence of food consumed
Energy expended during physical activity and recovery
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is influenced by:
Physical activity (15-30%)
Dietary-induced thermogenesis (10-35%)
Climate – tropical climates increase BMR by 5%-20%
Pregnancy
Net Energy Value - actual energy available in the body
Carbohydrates: 4
Lipids: 9
Proteins: 4
