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Psy 220 - Developmental Psychology > Exam #1 Review > Flashcards

Exam #1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

Development reflects the influence of several environmental systems

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2
Q

What is the inner most circle in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory? What does it mean?

A

The individual; their biological predispositions, sex, etc… who you are and how that influences you

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3
Q

What is the first system in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

Microsystem

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4
Q

What is the relationship between the child and their microsystem?

A

it’s any environment in which you direct interact on a regular basis

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5
Q

What is inside the Microsystem?

A

Family structure (what your family is like), who lives in the household, is there siblings, peer groups; health care that’s being recieved; school[relationship and resources]; church group; neighborhood play area

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6
Q

What inside the Microsystem doesn’t influence younger children too much? But does once we get older? Why?

A

Peer group; we’re very limited

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7
Q

What is the second system/circle in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

The Mesosytem

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8
Q

What is the relationship in the mesosytem?

A

How the groups inside the microsystem interact with each other and how that preferentially affects the child

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9
Q

What is inside of the Mesosytem?

A

The parent’s relationship to the school, peers mixing with our families [liking friends and allowing them to sleep over],

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10
Q

What is the third system/circle inside Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

The Exosystem

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the child and the Exosystem?

A

Where the child doesn’t have direct influence, but that influences the child

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12
Q

What is inside the Exosystem?

A

The parent’s work environment; access to healthcare/resources in your area

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13
Q

What is the second-to-last/fourth system/circle in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

The Macrosystem

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14
Q

What is the relationship between the child and the Macrosystem?

A

Overall and values of society; changes your neighborhood, what’s in it, etc…

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15
Q

What is in the Macrosystem?

A

Societal values (things you think you can and cannot do)

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16
Q

What is the final/fifth system/circle in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

The Chronosystem

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17
Q

What is the relationship between the child and the Chronosystem?

A

Time that they’re alive/developing in/ the passing of time

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18
Q

What is in the Chronosystem?

A

Time

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19
Q

What kind of model is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

A social, cognitive, and biological model

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20
Q

What does Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory seek to explain?

A

That development isn’t in a vacuum; how our experiences and environments influence how we develop

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21
Q

What is one reason why identical twins act differently in Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

The interactions that they have in these non-shared environment

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22
Q

What is the traditional view of development?

A

The extensive change from birth to adolescence–barely anything in the adult life

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23
Q

When does developmental decline happen?

A

Old age

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24
Q

What are some characteristics of the life-span developmental perspective?

A

Lifelond, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, contextual, growth, maintenance, regulation of loss, biological, socioucultural, and individual factors working together

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25
Life expectancy vs. Life span
How long you're expected to live v. How long you possibly can live
26
What is normative age-graded influences?
Similar for individuals sharing the same age group
27
What is normative history-graded influences?
Common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances
28
What is nonnormative life events?
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life
29
What is social policy?
government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
30
What are some contemporary concerns in development?
Culture, cross-cultural studies, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender
31
What are the three domains of developmental processes?
Biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes
32
What is in the biological processes sphere in development?
motor skills, weight, height
33
Define periods of development
Time frames characterized by certain features
34
What are the 8 main periods of development?
Prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, middle to late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood
35
When is the prenatal period?
Conception to birth
36
When is the Infancy period?
Birth to 18-24 months
37
When is early childhood?
3-5 years
38
When is middle to late childhood?
6-10/11 years
39
When is adolescence?
10-12 years to 18-21 years
40
When is early adulthood?
20s and 30s
41
When is middle adulthood?
40s and 50s
42
When is late adulthood?
60s/70s to death
43
What is a new emerging developmental period?
Emerging adulthood
44
What is emerging adulthood?
The transition from adolescence to adulthood
45
What characterizes emerging adulthood?
identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and the possibility of transformation
46
What are the four ages of a person?
Chronological age, biological age, psychological age, and social age
47
What is chronological age?
numbers of years since birth
48
What is psychological age?
adaptive capacities compared with others of the same chronological age
49
What is Social age?
Conectedness with others and the social roles that individuals adopt
50
What are the three developmental patterns of aging?
normal aging, pathological aging, and successful aging
51
What are the three developmental issues?
Nature-nuture, stability-change, and continuity-discontinuity
52
What is the stability-change issue?
are we forever shaped by early experience, or is there capacity to change?
53
What is the continuity-discontinuity issue?
Is there gradual culmulative change, or is it distinct changes?
54
What is the primary motivation for human behavior in Erikson's theory? What does it reflect?
Social; it reflects a desire to affiliate with other people
55
What do psychoanalytic theories stress?
The unconscious
56
Which theories of developement are psychoanalytical?
Freud and Erikson
57
Why are psychoanalytic theories critized?
Lack of scientific support, emphasis on sex (Freud), and a negative image of people
58
What do cognitive theories emphasize?
conscious thoughts
59
What are the three important cognitive theories we talk about?
Piaget, Vygotsky, and Information-processing theory
60
What are Piaget's four cognitive developmental stages?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
61
What's the Sensorimotor stage all about in Piaget's theory?
Coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions; infants start reflexively, but turn out of this stage with come symbolic thought
62
What's up with the preoperational stage in Piaget's model?
Thinking symbolically (words and images)--going beyond sensory information and physical action
63
What's up with the Concrete Operational Stage in Piaget's theory?
The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets
64
What's up with the Formal Operational stage?
The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways
65
What kind of theory is Vygotsky's?
A Sociocultural cognitive theory
66
What does Vygotsky's developmental theory emphasize?
How culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
67
What is the Information-processing theory all about?
Individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about it; gradual rather than stage-like development [aquiring increasingly complex knowledge and skills]
68
Why are cognitive theories commended?
positive view of development and an emphasis on active constructive and understanding
69
What's wrong with cognitive theories?
insufficient attention to individual variation
70
What is behavioral and social cognitive theories all about?
The idea that development is observable behavior that we can learn through experience with the environment--continuity in development
71
What are two important behavioral and social cognitive theories we're talking about?
Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory
72
What is Skinner's operant conditioning about?
Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of behavior's occurence
73
What is Bandura's social cognitive model all about? What are the three elements?
How behavior, environment, and cognition work together in development--behavior, the person/cognition, and the environment
74
What is social cognitive theory? Which model works with this?
How behavior, environment, and cognition are key to development, which is shaped by observation; Bandura's
75
How do individual's guide and motivate themselves in Bandura's social cognitive model?
Forethought
76
What is Ethology?
The idea that behavior is strongly influences by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods
77
What is the Ethological theory about?
How persence or absence of certain experiences during specific time frames has a long-lasting influence
78
What is Konrad Lorenz's idea all about?
imprinting and that it takes place in a critical period
79
What did John Bowlby do and think about?
Applied ethological theory to human development; attachment and how attachment predicts development in childhood and adulthood
80
When does attachment occur?
A sensitive period
81
What are two critisms of ethological theory?
Overemphasis on biological foundations and lack of flexibility
82
What is a ecological theory all about?
Environmental factors in development
83
What is the eclective theoretical orientation?
No single theory explains the complexity of life span development; every theory furthers understanding of factors in development; and that rather than strictly following a single approach, selecting from each theory whatever it is best in
84
What is the correlation coefficient?
A number based on statistical analysis used to describe the degree of association between two variables (+1.00 to -1.00)
85
What is an experiment?
Uses carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all other factors are held constant
86
What is the independent variable!?
The factor manipulated in the experiment
87
What is the dependent variable!?
The factor that can change in response; measured by the experimenter
88
What are experiments interested in? What do they measure?
The dependent variable! They want to see the causation between the two variables
89
What is the cross-sectional approach?
A research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages
90
What is the Longitudinal approach?
A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time
91
What does a longitudinal approach provide?
information about stability and change
92
What are cohort effects?
Effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation--not to actual age
93
What is a down side of Cross-sectional studies?
They can confuse age changes with cohort effects
94
What is an upside and downside to Longitudinal studies?
They're effective at studying changing with age, but only in one cohort
95
What are four things in ethical or "ethical" research?
Informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, and deception
96
When is deception considered "ethical"?
When the participant is not harmed and the participant is debriefed
97
What are three biases in research?
Minimizing bias, gender bias, and cultural and ethnic bias
98
What is the minimizing bias?
The idea that studies are most useful when conducted without bias or prejudice toward any group of people
99
What is a cultural/ethnic bias?
When people of an ethnic minority group have been excluded from research
100
What is the ethnic gloss?
When the use of an ethnic label portrays an ethnic group as more homogeneous than it really is?
101
What is fertilization and what comes of it?
The fusing of an egg and a sperm; this is called a zygote
102
What is the prenatal development of a human?
Egg, zygote, embryo, and fetal/baby!
103
What are the three stages of human prenatal development?
Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal
104
What is genetic imprinting? When does it occur?
Occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father--When a chemical process "silences" one member of the gene pair
105
Who determines the sex of the child?
The male! He will give a x or a y
106
What is Polygenic inheritance?
The idea that most human characteristics are determined by the interaction of several genes (multiple genes affecting characteristics)
107
What is a gene-gene interaction?
The interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development
108
What are some disorders that are caused by chromosomal abnormalities
Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, fragile x syndrome, turner syndrome, and XYY syndrome
109
What are some disorders caused by gene-linked abnormalities?
cystic fibrosis, diabetes, hemophilia, Huntington's disease, PKU, sickle-cell anemia, spina bifida, and Tay-sachs disease
110
remember to watch the moral development video and the other one he put up (self concept one)
111
What is behavioral genetics?
A way of looking at development that investigates the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits
112
How is behavioral genetics researched?
Twin studies, etc...
113
What are the five fundemental relations in Behavioral genetics?
Parents genetics contribution to the child's genotype; Contribution of the child's genotype to his/her phenotype; contribution of the child's environment to his/her phenotype; influence of the child's phenotype on his/her environment; influence of child's environment on his/her genotype
114
What are the heredity-environment correlations?
115

Psy 220 - Developmental Psychology (1 decks)

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