Exam 1 Review

Question 1

Osteoblast

Answer 1

Secrete bone matrix that form new bone during remodeling or bone repair

Question 2

Osteocytes

Answer 2

Formed from osteoblasts; Maintain bone mineralization homeostasis

Question 3

Osteoclast

Answer 3

Large, multinuclenated phagocyte cells that create absorptive pit (Howships Lacunae); Bone reabsorption

Question 4

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 4

stimulate inflammation response; IL-1beta, TNFA, IL-6, IL-2

Question 5

Anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 5

IL-10, IL-4, IL-ra

Question 6

Stress Fracture

Answer 6

Develops without an acute tramatic episode

“Normal” force on “healthy” bone

Question 7

Pathological Fracture

Answer 7

Complete failure of the anatomical structure

“Normal” force placed on “unhealthy” bone

Question 8

Sudden Traumatic Fracture

Answer 8

A single tramatic episode of excesive force

“excess” force placed on “healthy” bone

Question 9

Primary Bone Fracture

Answer 9

Direct bone healing; bone stabalization very ridgid, no callus formation, longer time until stable

Question 10

Secondary Bone Fracture

Answer 10

Bone stabalization less ridgid, calluss formation provides quicker stability

Question 11

Gap Healing (primary)

Answer 11

Rigid fixation with small gaps but no movement

Question 12

Phase 1 (primary)

Answer 12

New bone laid down vertically; necrosis along fracture ends

Question 13

Phase 2 (primary)

Answer 13

Longitudinal reconstruction of Haversian organization of bone ; osteoclasts create “cutting zone” across fracture sites

Question 14

Contact healing (primary)

Answer 14

Rigid fixation with NO gaps and NO movement- SKIPS phase 1

Question 15

Paget’s Disease

Answer 15

Chronic Bone disorder casued by abmnormal bone remodeling

Question 16

Bone Multicellular Units

Answer 16

Consist of small clusters of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts; maintain optimal bone density and quality

Question 17

OPG/RANKL ratio

Answer 17

NOT a clinical measurement; research as a “biomarker of bone mass”

Higher-promote bone formation
Lower- promote excess one resorption and decrease bone density

Question 18

Primary Osteoporosis

Answer 18

Low bone density unrelated to any underlying disease or condition; post menopausal, age related

Question 19

Secondary Osteoporosis

Answer 19

Low bone density due to meds or disease

Question 20

Normal Age related bone loss

Answer 20

Begins in 30s; 0.5-1% in both males an females

Question 21

Osteomalacia

Answer 21

Insufficient mineralization of bone; Rickets

Question 22

Benign Primary Bone tumors

Answer 22

well differentiated; slower growing, forms sclerotic rim

Question 23

Malignant Primary Bone tumor

Answer 23

Undifferentiated; faster growing; expands beyond cortex; potential to metastasize

Question 24

Synovial Membrane Type A

Answer 24

Immune function; protect synovial fluid

Question 25

Synovial Membrane Type B

Answer 25

Synovial flud production & secretion

Question 26

Hilton’s Law

Answer 26

Muscles that move the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments’ pprotective muscle spasms; reffered pain

Question 27

Articular cartilage

Answer 27

Thin covering on most bones; reduce friction, absorb compressive forces

Question 28

Osteoarthritis

Answer 28

Wear and tear; cellular disruption of articular cartilge matrix

Question 29

Osteopenia

Answer 29

Low bone mineral density- between 1 & 2.5 SD below

Question 30

Displacement

Answer 30

Describes the position of the distal fragments; anterior or medial displacement

Question 31

Shotening of the fracture

Answer 31

The ends of the fracture overlap

Question 32

Angulation

Answer 32

Direction in which the distal fragment is “pointing to”; medial and lateral angulations

Question 33

Rotation

Answer 33

Observe for internal/external rotation

Question 34

Wolffs Law

Answer 34

Mechanical stress increase bone density along the “stress lines” or “gravity vectors”