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Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Normal resting HR (Adult, infant, child)

A

Adult: 60 to 100 BPM
Newborn: 100 to 150 BPM
Child (1 to 10 years of age): 70 to 130 BPM

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2
Q

Define tachycardia

A

Elevated HR >100 bpm

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3
Q

Define bradycardia

A

Slowed HR <50 bpm

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4
Q

HR sites (8)

A

Temporal
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsal pedal
Posterior tibial

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5
Q

Normal respiratory rate (adults, infants)

A

Adults: 12 to 18
Infants: 30 to 50

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6
Q

What are some factors that may affect an individual’s respiratory rate?

A

Infection, exercise, changing positions

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7
Q

Normal blood oxygen saturation

A

95- 100% SpO2

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8
Q

Define Hypoxemia

A

low oxygen sats in blood/ arteries
SpO2 < 90%

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9
Q

Define Hypoxia

A

low oxygen sats in body’s tissues

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10
Q

define blood pressure

A

Indirect measurement of the pressure inside an artery caused by blood flow through the artery

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11
Q

Define Systolic pressure

A

contraction of left ventricle
The pressure against artery walls when heart beats

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12
Q

Define Diastolic pressure

A

rest period of the heart
The pressure against artery walls between heartbeats

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13
Q

What are some factors that may affect blood pressure?

A

Age, meds, alcohol, diet, body position

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14
Q

Normal BP (infants, children, adults)

A

Infants:
-S: 85-100
-D: 35-67
Children:
-S: 100-120
-D: 60-75
Adults:
-S: <120
-D: <80

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15
Q

Define mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure of blood in arteries throughout a cardiac cycle (diastolic & systolic)

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16
Q

Normal MAP

A

70-110 mmHg

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17
Q

Normal body temp

A

96.8 - 99.3

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18
Q

What are some factors that may affect body temperature?

A

Exercise, room temperature, circulatory compromise

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19
Q

What is MRSA

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococus aureus

A staph infection that is difficult to treat because it is resistant to some antibiotics

Can cause sepsis and death if left untreated

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20
Q

What is VRE

A

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

Antibiotic resistance to vancomycin of enterococci bacteria
Usually happens with long term antibiotic use

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21
Q

What is C-diff

A

Clostridioides difficile Infection

A bacteria that causes severe and/or life threatening diarrhea
Side effect of taking antibiotics

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22
Q

WHAT IS AN ECG (EKG)?

A

An electrocardiogram records the summed electrical activity of the heart.

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23
Q

What does the P-wave represent

A

Arterial depolarization

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24
Q

What does the QRS wave represent

A

Ventricular depolarization

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25
What does the T-wave represent
Rapid phase Depolarization of ventricular myocardium
26
Define Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
Caused by continuous rapid firing of multiple atrial foci No single impulses depolarizes the atria completely Only occasional
27
Define Premature Ventricular Contraction - PVC
Purkinje fibers initiate the heartbeat rather than the SA node Caused by lower chambers of the heart beating abnormally beat before the normal beat ≥ 3 PVCs in a row = Ventricular tachycardia
28
Define Ventricular Tachycardia (V-tach)
Continuous run of PVCs 150 – 250 bpm Each QRS is wide May deteriorate into Ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest)
29
What does Complete Blood Count (CBC) test? (4)
White Blood Cells (WBC) Red Blood Cells (RBC) Platelets Hemoglobin (Hgb) & Hematocrit (Hct)
30
What is a white blood cell’s purpose
Leukocytes (WBC) protection against infectious diseases
31
Define Leukocytosis
Increase in WBC count
32
What can cause Leukocytosis
infection, inflammation, severe stress/pain Can present as: fatigue, fever, bleeding, bruising, frequent infections
33
What is a red blood cell’s purpose
Erythrocytes (RBC) Transport oxygen to tissues and use to produce energy
34
Define Erythrocytosis
Increase in RBC count
35
What can cause Erythrocytosis
dehydration, pulmonary fibrosis, medications, severe COPD Clinical presentation: fatigue, weakness, HA, lightheadedness, SOB
36
Define anemia
Decrease in RBC count
37
Define platelets
They help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal.
38
Define Thrombocytosis or Thrombocythemia
Increase in platelets
39
Causes and presentation of Thrombocytosis/Thrombocythemia
Potential causes: inflammation, cancer, stress, infection Clinical presentation: weakness, headache, dizziness, chest pain
40
Define Thrombocytopenia
Decrease in platelets
41
Causes and presentation of Thrombocytopenia
Potential causes: cancer, radiation/chemo, hemorrhage Clinical presentation: bruising, petechiae, fatigue, jaundice
42
Define hemoglobin (Hgb)
the protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues.
43
Causes and presentation of Polycythemia
Causes: CHF, dehydration, COPD, smoking, high altitude Clinical Presentation: HA, fatigue, dizziness, dysrhythmias, TIA symptoms, Chest pain, bruising, bleeding
44
Polycythemia
Increase in hemoglobin
45
Polycythemia
Increase in hemoglobin
46
Causes and presentation of Anemia
Causes: blood loss, lupus, kidney disease, stress to bone marrow, oncologic conditions, metabolic disorders, B12 deficiency Clinical Presentation: decreased endurance, pallor, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension
47
Define Hematocrit (Hct)
volume percentage of red blood cells in blood, measured as part of a blood test.
48
Prothrombin Time
Measures time (seconds) it takes plasma to clot when exposed to clotting factors in extrinsic pathways
49
Significant Prothrombin Time
>20 sec - high risk for bleeding into tissue Precautions: •Fall prevention screening/interventions •Apply prolonged pressure to site if bleeding occurs •Monitor for changes in neurological condition due to increased risk of intracranial bleeding •Examine skin for bruising, petechiae, blood in urine
50
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
•Measures time it takes plasma to clot when exposed to clotting factors in intrinsic pathways •Used to determine if heparin (blood thinner) therapy is effective
51
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Measure of how long it takes the blood to clot when an oral anticoagulant is used
52
Long-term positioning
Preventing pressure ulcers, contractures Promoting better breathing positions Promoting better access to environment.
53
Short-term positioning
Allowing for treatment of different areas
54
Long-term position time limit
2 hours
55
Short-term position time limit
15 minutes
56
Areas to be aware of during positioning
Bony prominences Maintain neutral spinal alignment as much as possible Call light within reach Prolonged redness is indicative of tissue damage
57
Benefits of PROM
1. Maintain existing ROM 2. Minimize muscle shortening or other complications due to immobilization 3. Maintain circulation 4. Maintain sensory awareness 5. Promote cartilage nutrition and movement of synovial fluid 6. Reduces or inhibits pain
58
Indications for AROM Exercise
1. Patient able to voluntarily contract, control, and coordinate muscle(s) 2. No contraindications or precautions 3. Contributes to fulfilling patient’s goals
59
Types of Muscle Contractions
1. Isotonic: visible joint motion when muscle contracts •Concentric: shortening •Eccentric: lengthening 2. Isometric: little or no observable joint motion and change in length of muscle 3. Isokinetic: requires specialized equipment
60
Assistance Level: Independent
Patient/resident safely completes the activity by him/herself with no assistance from a helper.
61
Assistance Level: Modified independent
Completely independent but may require additional time or use of adaptive equipment
62
Assistance Level: Supervision
Requires supervision to safely complete task, including verbal cues Able to complete task once task is set up/ cleaned up No physical assistance
63
Assist level: Partial/moderate assistance
Helper does LESS THAN HALF the effort. Helper lifts, holds or supports trunk or limbs, but provides less than half the effort.
64
Assist level: Substantial/maximal assistance
Helper does MORE THAN HALF the effort. Helper lifts or holds trunk or limbs and provides more than half the effort.
65
Assist level: Dependent
Helper does ALL of the effort. Patient/resident does none of the effort to complete the activity. Or, the assistance of 2 or more helpers is required for the patient/resident to complete the activity.

PCM (1 decks)

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