EXAM 1 REVIEW Flashcards
1
Q
what type of displacement is translation + rotation?
A
general motion
2
Q
__ __: pushes or pulls arising from outside the body
A
external forces
3
Q
__ __: forces that act on structures of the body and arise from within the body (muscles, ligaments, bones)
A
internal forces
4
Q
what is the most consistent and influential force encountered by the body in posture and movement?
A
forces of gravity
5
Q
When masses of two or more segments are combined, where is the new COM vector?
A
the new COM vector is between & in line with the original two COM vectors
6
Q
COM in anatomical position?
A
anterior to S2
7
Q
if there is acceleration, can there be equilibrium?
A
no
8
Q
which of Newtons laws?
An object will continue in current motion until a force causes the speed or direction to change
A
Law of Inertia - Newton’s 1st law
9
Q
which of Newtons laws?
Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced forces (Funbal) or torques (Tunbal) and inversely proportional to the mass or moment of inertia
A
Law of acceleration - Newton’s 2nd law
10
Q
___ force systems: two or more forces work on the same segment in the same line
the resultant force is the sum of the magnitudes
A
linear force systems
11
Q
___ force systems: two or more forces work on the same segment from different angles
solve for the parallelogram using trigonometric functions
A
concurrent force systems
12
Q
which of Newton’s laws?
for every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction
two objects touching each other result in reaction forces (reaction forces are never part of the same force system because the forces are acting on different objects)
A
Law of Reaction - Newton’s 3rd law
13
Q
when is the magnitude of friction force always the greatest?
A
just before the object moves - this results in a drop of friction once the object is moving
14
Q
__ ___: two forces equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, parallel and applied to the same object at different points
A
force couple
always produce a moment of force = torque
15
Q
torque equation?
A
torque = (Force)(moment arm)
16
Q
___ force systems: when two or more forces applied to the same object are parallel to one another
A
parallel force systems
17
Q
___ ___: a third force is added to a force couple resulting in rotary and translator equilibrium
A
bending moments
18
Q
a ___ is any rigid segment that rotates around a fulcrum
A
lever
19
Q
in a lever system, __ force is greater than the ___ force to produce rotation
A
effort, resistance
20
Q
1st class lever system?
A
Axis is between EF and RF
either EA or RA could be bigger
21
Q
2nd class lever system?
A
RF is between axis and EF
EF MA is larger
22
Q
3rd class lever system?
A
EF is between axis and RF
RF MA is larger
23
Q
example of 1st class lever?
A
tilting head back
24
Q
example of 2nd class lever?
A
raising heel off ground
25
example of 3rd class lever?
flexing elbow
26
In 2nd class levers, is MAd greater or less than 1?
> 1
but LESS angular displacement and velocity is gained
27
In 1st and 3rd class levers, is MAd great or less than 1?
< 1
but MORE angular displacement and velocity is gained
28
Force resolution: Fy
- perpendicular or rotary component?
- translatory or rotary?
perpendicular
rotary
29
Force resolution: Fx
- perpendicular or rotary component?
- translatory or rotary?
parallel
translatory
30
the parallel component (Fx) is ___ than the perpendicular component (Fy) for most muscles
larger
31
fibrous joints = ___ joints = little or no movement allowed
synarthrosis
32
__ joint:
- bone edges interlock one another
- frontal and parietal bones of skull early in life
suture
33
___ joint:
- "peg in a hole" joint
- a tooth and either mandible or maxilla
gomphosis joint
34
_____:
- jointed by interosseous membrane
- radius and ulna; tibia and fibula
syndesmosis
35
cartilagenous joints: ___: allow for some movement
amphiarthrosis
36
3 examples of fibrous joints?
suture joint, gomphosis joint, syndesmosis
37
___:
- directly joined by fibrocartilage (discs or pads) and covered with hyaline cartilage
- intervertebral joints, symphysis pubis
symphysis
38
___:
- connected by hyaline cartilage
- first 7 ribs to sternum
- epiphyseal growth plates near ends of long bones
synchondrosis
39
___ joints: no connective tissue directly unites bony surfaces
synovial
40
synovial joints = ___ = free to move
diarthrosis
41
Joint receptor type?
- stretch, usually at extremes of extension
Ruffini
42
joint receptor type?
- compression or changes in hydrostatic pressure and joint movement
pacini
43
joint receptor type?
- pressure and forceful joint motion into extremes of motion
golgi
44
joint receptor type?
- non-noxious and noxious mechanical stress or biomechanical stress
unmyelinated free nerve endings
45
____ – viscosity of fluid and essential for lubrication; synovial folds
Hyaluronate
46
____ – cartilage on cartilage lubrication
Lubricin
47
Increased swelling during injury is a result of the disruption and/or activation of nutrients and waste products. What joint receptor do you think picks up the increased pressure and signals pain?
Pacini and/or unmyelinated free nerve endings
48
hinge joint = ___
uniaxial
49
pivot joint = ___
uniaxial
50
condyloid joint = ___
biaxial
51
saddle joint = ____
biaxial
52
plane joint = ____
triaxial
53
ball and socket joint = ____
triaxial
54
hinge joint example?
humeroulnar
55
pivot joint example?
proximal radioulnar joint
56
condyloid joint example?
radiocarpal joint
57
saddle joint example?
first carpometacarpal joint
58
plane joint example?
intercarpal joints
59
ball and socket joint example?
hip joint
60
what position?
- full congruence of surfaces
- usually extreme ROM
- capsule and ligaments are taut
- joint is compressed
- minimal distraction is available
- no further movement
close packed
61
what position?
- incongruent surfaces
- usually mid-position
- ligaments and capsule laxity (least restraint to passive movement)
- distraction available
- allows for spin, roll, glide
- maximal open packed position = rest position
loose packed
62
soft end feel - limited by?
approximation of soft tissues
63
firm end feel - limited by?
capsuloligamentous stuctures
64
hard end feel -limited by?
bone
65
type I collagen resists what force?
most tension
66
type II collagen resists what force?
compression
67
type III collagen resists what force?
tension
68
type __ collagen makes up 90% of collagen in body
I
69
Interfibrillar component of extracellular matrix:
__ and ___: attract water to increase rigidity of extracellular matrix to withstand compressive forces
proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
70
___ material: display the same mechanical behavior no matter the direction of force applied
isotropic
71
___ material: behave differently depending on the size and direction of applied force
anisotropic
72
___ region: laxity in tissue straightens
toe
73
__ region: returns to original shape and size after being deformed
elastic
74
___ point: point of no return
yield
75
___ region: residual deformation will be permanent
plastic
76
___ point: tear or break
failure
77
stress equation?
applied force/area
78
___: deformation in response to an externally applied load (%)
strain
79
strain equation?
(final length - original length)/original length
80
___: resistance offered by material to external loads; inverse relationship with compliance
stiffness
81
___ __: measurement of structures ability to withstand changes in length
youngs modulus
82
ligament: toe region: ___% strain
1-2
83
ligament: elastic region: ___% strain
4
84
__: tissue deformation gradually continues if force is maintained (ex. weight on an elastic band)
creep
85
___-___: as tissue is stretched to a fixed length, less force is required to maintain that length overtime
stress-relaxation
86
___-___ ___: tissue response varies based on load speed; if load is applied rapidly, tissue is stiffer. thus larger force required to deform tissue
strain-rate sensitivity
87
__ __: alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
88
type ___ muscle fiber: fast oxidative glycolytic (intermediate)
IIA
89
type __ muscle fiber: fast glycolytic
IIB
90
amount a muscle fiber can shorten or lengthen is dependent on the number of ___
sarcomeres
91
Neural arch of vertebra: ____
- transmit forces from posterior elements to the vertebral body
pedicles
92
neural arch of vertebra:___
- transfer forces through pars interarticularis from the spinous and articular processes to pedicles
lamina
93
neural arch of vertebra: __ __
- resist shear, compression, tensile and torsional forces
- transmists forces to laminae
articular processes
94
neural arch of vertebra: __ __
- resists compression
- transmits forces to laminae
spinous processes
95
nucleus pulposus = ___% water
annulus fibrosus = ___% water
80
60
96
what kind of cartilage is vertebral endplate made of?
hyaline and fibrocartilage
97
how much of the intervertebral disc is innervated? what nerve?
outer 1/3-1/2 of annulus fibrosis
sinuvertebral n
98
spinal ligaments that resist flexion?
PLL
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament
99
Alar ligament: limits what movements?
ipsilateral lateral flexion
contralateral rotation
100
where are ZAJ capsules strongest?
transition zones (cervicothoracic an thoracolumbar)
101
ZAJ capsules resist what movement?
forward flexion and rotation
102
___ of motion available depends on the size of the disks
___ of motion available depends on the orientation of the facets
amount
direction
103
with axial compression what will be the first to fail?
cartilagenous end plates
104
vertebra - what limits flexion?
post outer annulus, facet capsules, post ligaments, mm
105
vertebra - what limits extension?
ant outer annulus, facet capsules, anterior ligaments, SP
106
upper cervical vertebra?
C0-C2
107
lower cervical vertebra?
C3-C7
108
OA joint:
- occiput has ___ (convex/concave) condyles
- C1 (atlas) has ___ (convex/concave) superior facets
- function?
convex
concave
function = nodding the head on C1
109
AA Joint:
- C1 inferior ___ (convex/concave) facets
- C2 superior ___ (convex/concave) facets
- major movement
convex
convex
rotation
110
posterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial ligaments = continuation of __ __
ligamentum flavum
111
anterior atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial ligaments = continuation of ___
ALL
112
tectorial membrane = continuation of ____
PLL
113
what ligament holds dens in close approximation to anterior C1?
- dens will fracture before ligament tears
transverse ligament
114
what are the "cruciate ligaments of the neck"?
alar ligaments
115
alar ligaments location?
dens to occipital condyles and some fibers from dens to C1
116
during axial rotation of the head, which side of alar ligaments tightens?
both
117
Alar ligament: side bend to the R causes contralateral occipital fibers to become ___ and ipsilateral C1 fibers to become ___
taught
tight
118
Rotation to the R causes C2 spinous process to move ___
L
119
lower cervical: small cervical body with uncinate processes creates ___ joint type
saddle
120
Lower cervical region:
- superior facets face superiorly and ___
- inferior facets face inferiorly and ___
posterior
anterior
121
lower cervical discs are __ shaped with thicker end ___
crescent
anteriorly
122
OA joint flexion/extension:
- ___ degrees available
- flexion: rolls ___, slides ___
- extension: rolls ___, slides ___
15-25 degrees
flexion: rolls anterior, slides posterior
extension: rolls posterior, slides anterior
123
AA joint: ___% of cervical rotation
50
124
upper cervical kinematics: lateral flexion and rotation coupling are ____
opposite
125
upper cervical: lateral flexion coupled with ___ rotation; rotation coupled with ___ lateral flexion
contralateral, contralateral
126
where in cervical spine is the greatest range of flexion and extension?
C5-C6
- mechanical strain is the greatest
127
Lower cervical:
lateral flexion coupled with ___ rotation; rotation coupled with ___ lateral flexion
ipsilateral, ipsilateral
128
if pt looks down during rotation, upper or lower cervical limit?
upper
129
thoracic vertebrae: wedge shaped with increased ___ height
posterior
130
thoracic vertebrae: facet joints ___ degrees off frontal plane
- increases what movements?
20
Lateral flexion and rotation
- lower thoracic start to decrease lateral flexion and rotation and increase flexion and extension
131
what section of vertebrae have the smallest intervertebral disc ratio? (stability > mobility)
thoracic
132
lateral flexion coupled with axial rotation - more in upper or lower thoracic?
upper
133
thoracic vertebrae:
- posterior shift of ____ side with trunk rotation
- anterior shift of ____ side with trunk rotation
ipsilateral
contralateral
134
transitional vertebra of thoracic?
T1 and T12
135
transitional vertebra of lumbar?
L5
136
lumbar ZAJ 1-4: ___ ___ at the superior facet for multifidus attachment
mammillary processes
137
L5 vertebra:
- wedge shaped body, wider in ___, smaller SP
- inferior ZAJ are larger and wider apart, oriented more ____
- lumbosacral articulation and angle - varies based on position of pelvis and increased anterior pelvic tilt will increase shear stress
front
anterior
138
lumbar:
- discs arranged in sheets called ____
- collagen fibers oriented in opposite directions at ____ degrees
- allows for resistance of ____ forces, many directions
- concavity ____ resists tension with forward flexion
lamellae
120
torsional
posteriorly
139
supraspinous ligament terminates at ___ and blends with what?
L4
thoracolumbar fascia
140
____ ligament:
- prevents anterior displacement on L5 due to shear forces and all movements of L5 on S1
iliolumbar
141
Lumbar kinematics:
- flex/ext: tilt and slide occur in __ direction
- rotation: body tilt and slide translate ___; ipilateral ZAJ ___ and contralateral ZAJ ____
- lateral flexion: body tilt and slide translate ____
same
ipsilaterally; distracts, compresses
ipsilaterally
142
explain lumbopelvic rhythm?
- forward bending: lumbar flexion followed by anterior pelvic tilt
- return to erect stance: posterior pelvic tilt followed by lumbar extension
143
lumbar interbody joints bear about ___% of compressive forces and facets bear the rest
80%
- change in body mechanics: increased lordosis or IDD causes ZAJ take on more load
144
walking produces what amount of body weight on lumbar spine?
twice
145
___ forces secondary to lordotic position
shear
146
L4-5 bear ___% of shear forces at ZAJ
65%
- increased shear loads = disc plays a more significant role
147
ligament?
___: anterior = considered capsular
- posterior = PSIS, adjacent ilium and thoracolumbar fascia
sacroiliac
148
ligament?
___: ischial spine to lateral sacrum/coccyx
sacrospinous
149
ligament?
___: ischial tuberosity to posterior spine at ilia & lateral sacrum and coccyx
sacrotuberous
150
ligament?
___: major bonds between sacrum and ilia - create a fibrous union
interosseous
151
___: sacral base rotates anteriorly on fixed innominates
nutation
152
___: sacral base rotates posteriorly on the fixed innominates
counternutation
153
nutation resisted by what?
sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, anterior sacroiliac ligaments
154
counternutation resisted by what?
long posterior sacroiliac lig
155
trapezius function B and uni?
B: neck ext
uni: ipsi SB, contra rot
156
levator scap function?
- elevates and downwardly rotates scap
- ipsi SB and ROT
- resists lordotic position of the cervical spine
157
splenius capitus & cervicis function?
- large cross section and moment arm
- B: ext
- uni: ipsi rot
158
semispinalis capitis and cervicis function?
- ext and maintain lordosis
- greater occipital N pierces through it
159
longissimus captitis and cervicis function?
- B: frontal plane stabilizers
- uni: ipsi SB
- poor extensor due to short moment arm
160
suboccipital muscles function?
- B: occipital ext
- uni: ipsi ROT and SB of occiput on atlas
161
scalene function?
- anterior: B: flex, uni: ipsi SB and ROT
- middle: primarily stabilize in frontal plane; uni: SB
- posterior: uni: SB
162
SCM function?
- B: flex
- uni: ipsi SB, contra ROT
163
longus capitis and coli function?
- can flex but better at providing compression/proprioceptive input
- synergistically work to stabilize head with traps to allow distal contraction of traps on scapula
164
rectus capitis anterior and lateral function?
- B: flex
- greater at proprioceptive input
165
TLF connects to? surrounds?
- lats, glute max, TA, obliques
- erector spinae and mutlifidus
166
erector spinae functions?
- superficial: B -ext, uni - ipsi SB and ROT - eccentric control during standing flex
- deep: create posterior compressive and shear forces to counteract anterior shear forces
167
multifidus T spine and L spine functions?
- t spine: contra ROT and local segmental control
- L spine: ext, synergistic stabilizer w abdominals and local segmental control
168
rotatores and intertransverarii functions?
ipsi SB, contra ROT, primarily a proprioceptive role
169
quadratus lumborum function?
B: frontal plane stabilization
uni: ipsi SB
170
rectus abdominus function?
- B: flex trunk
- uni: ipsi SB
171
internal oblique function?
ipsi rot, ipsi SB
172
external oblique function?
contra rot, ipsi SB
173
psoas major function?
hip flex with spinal stabilization
- tightness here can lead to anterior pelvic tilt which in turn increase compression and anterior shear
174
squat lift: ___ disc pressure, ___ compressive forces
lower, higher
175
stoop lift: increased ___ disc pressure
posterior
176
effects of aging: discs lose ___ and __ content = decrease in height and decreases the ability of discs to transfer loads along vertebral chain
proteoglycans, water
177
what is schmorls node?
when nuclear material prolapses into bone -usually from vertebral endplates unable to diffuse as well impairing disc health
178
manubriosternal joint: at rib __ level, ossifies at about __ yo
2, 60
179
xiphisternal joint ossifies at about ___ yo
40-45
180
costovertebral and costotransverse attachments to thoracic spine are ____ joints
synovial
181
rib ___ articulates with inferior fact of T5 nd superior facet of T6
6
182
which ribs only articulate with one vertebra?
1, 10, 11, 12
183
upper thorax (2-7) - pump handle action goes ___ diameter
A to P
184
lower thorax (8-10) - bucket handle action goes ___ diameter
lateral
185
primary muscles of ventilation?
diaphragm, intercostals, scalenes
186
__% of infants diaphragm is fatigue resistant compared to 50% o in adult
20
187
TMJ is considered a ____ joint - the articular disc separates the joint into two synovial cavities each with distinct movement patterns
ginglymoarthrodial
188
coronoid process of mandible is attachment site for ___ muscle
temporalis
189
inferior TM joint functions as a __ joint
hinge
190
superior TM joint functions as a ___ joint
plane
191
TMJ: ___ lamina allows disc to translate anteriorly by stretching (elastic)
superior
192
TMJ: ____ lamina limits forward translation (inelastic)
inferior
193
Anterior band of TM joint disc:
- thickness?
- where during translation?
- vacularity and innervation?
- attaches to ?
- 2 mm
- anterior to condyle during translation
- minimal to no vascular or neural supply
- attaches to joint capsule anteriorly
194
intermediate zone of TM joint disc:
- thickness?
- where during translation?
- vacularity and innervation?
- attaches to ?
- 1 mm thick
- on top of condyle during translation
- no vascular or neural supply
- attaches to condyle medially and laterally
195
posterior band of TM joint disc:
- thickness?
- where during translation?
- vacularity and innervation?
- attaches to ?
- 3 mm thick
- full mouth closure: 12:00 position
- rich innervation and vascular supply from retrodiscal tissue
- attaches to retrodiscal tissue which is attached to capsule
196
TMJ:
- where is capsule strong? everywhere else is thin and loose
laterally
- it is highly vascular and innervated
197
ligaments of TM joint?
- temoporomandibular ligament
- stylomandibular
- sphenomandibular
198
TM ligament:
___: limits downward and posterior motion/rotation of mandible
___: resists posterior motion of condyle
___: resist lateral displacement
oblique
horizontal
both
199
TMJ ligament:
___: weakest, may limit protrusion of jaw
stylomandibular
200
TMJ ligament:
___: may prevent forward translation
sphenomandibular
201
TMJ: normal depression ROM?
40-50 mm
2 fingers functional, 3 fingers normal
202
TMJ translation and rotation of depression (opening):
- 1st rotation: ___ mm anterior rotation of condyle on disc -> posterior roll of mandible
- 2nd translation: both condyle and disc anterior and inferior -> ___ slide of condyle
11-25
anterior
203
protrusion: bilateral lamina stretch ___mm to allow complete motion
6-9
204
retrustion: translation posteriorly about ___ mm
3
205
__ is an important component of mandibular elevation from maximally depressed mandible
retrusion
206
normal degree of lateral excursion?
8-11 mm
207
TMJ lateral excursion:
- ___ mandibular condyle spins around vertical axis (inferior portion of joint)
- ____ mandibular condyle translates anteriorly (superior portion of joint)
ipsilateral
contralateral
208
tmj:
- ____: mandible moves away from midline during mandibular depression and stay to L or R
deviation
209
tmj:
- ____: mandible moves away from midline during mandibular depression or protrusion and returns to midline at end range
- can have C curve or S curve
deflection
210
CN responsible for TMJ function?
CN V, VII, XII
211
muscles for TMJ depression?
digastric & suprahyoids, lower lateral pterygoid, and gravity
212
muscles for TMJ elevation?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, superior latereal pterygoid
213
muscles for TMJ protrusion?
B action of masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid
214
muscles for TMJ retrusion?
B action of temporalis, assisted by anterior digastric
215
muscles for TMJ lateral deviation?
-unilateral contraction of medial and lateral pterygoids pull to contralateral side
- temporalis can pull to ipsilateral side
- temporalis with lateral pterygoid can act as a force couple that pulls toward same side
216
longus colli unilaterally does ipsi SB with ___ rotation
longus capitis unilaterally does ipsi SB with ___ rotation
contralateral
ipsilateral
217
forward head posture results in ___ of mandible and malalignment
retraction
218
freeway space = normal rest position with ____ of space between upper and lower teeth when at rest
1.5-5 mm
219
___: process by which upright posture is maintained
balance
220
anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) occur about ___ ms prior to planned movement
100 ms
221
anticipatory synergy adjustments (ASAs) occur ___ ms prior to planned movement
250-300 ms
222
___ ___: internal moments are minimized by having the external moments be as small as possible
optimal posture
223
LoG position?
- ear or mastoid process?
- acromion?
- asis and psis?
- greater trochanter?
- femoral condyle?
- lateral malleoli?
- anterior to ear or aligned with mastoid process
- anterior to acromion
- through midline of ilium bisecting ASIS and PSIS
- through greater trochanter
- slightly anterior to femoral condyle, posterior to patella
- anterior to lateral malleoli
224
___ __: line drawn form hip axis to midpoint of sacral endplate, and a line perpendicular to center of sacral endplate
pelvic incidence
225
__ ___: angle created by a line drawn parallel to sacral endplate and line from the horizontal
sacral slope
226
___ __: angle between horizontal and line drawn from PSIS and ASIS
pelvic tilt
227
genu recurvatum = hyperextension of knee (>/= ___ degrees)
10
228
