Exam 1 review Flashcards
Chapter 1-4
what is desistance
where an offender purses a crime free life without the help of criminal justice professionals
what is duty counsel
a lawyer paid by the government to provide leagal advice
what are crime rates
the measure of overall police reported crimes as a percentage of the population
what is crime trend
an observable pattern in how crime rates have changed over time
what is the crime severity index
a measure of the volume and severity of police reported crime in any given region or time period
what is the dark figure of crime
crimes that have been committed but go undetected and/or not reported to the police but have shown up in self report measures or other indicators of crime and victimization
what is attrition
the filtering process that reduces the number of criminal cases as they move through the various stages of the criminal justice system
what is penology
the study of punishment and social sanctions including the laws, practices and beliefs about who, how and why societies punish
what is recidivism
relapsing into criminal behavior after treatment and/or sentencing within the criminal justice system “reoffending”
what is remand
hold of an accused in custody while they person waits for trial or sentencing
what two models of criminal justice did Packer identify
crime control and the welfare model
what is crime control
is on the punishment side of the continuum and largely concerned with assuring that the public that crime will not be tolerate and once discovered there will be punishment
what is welfare model
is on the treatment side of the continuum and stresses the importance of looking after the needs of the offender to ensure that the persons problems are addressed to lessen future crime
what is rehabilitation
the treatment of offenders in order to prevent future criminal activity, a planned intervention that targets the offenders criminality
what is deterrence
an approach to crime that focuses on what forms of punishment are necessary to prevent crime from happening
what two forms are part of deterrence
special and general
what is specific deterrence
seeks to punish the individual offender just enough that it acts as a disincentive to the offender for committing any future crimes
what is general deterrence
is about punishing offenders severely enough that the population at large views crime as undesirable and chooses not to commit crime
what is the root causes of crime
focuses on the protection of society, culture, economy, and systems that are more likely to lead an individual to commit crime
what is the justice model
focuses on the protection of society through deterrence principles but also acknowledges the possibility for human errors is how the system operates. to deter crime but applied equally and fairly to everyone
what is the community change model
focuses on these root causes to identify how lack of access to resources and the disadvantages experienced by some members of society create the underlying factors that lead to crime
what is restorative justice
a system of addressing conflict that acknowledges the injury suffered during the commission of a crime and strives to repair that injury through reconciling the offender with the victim and their community
what is the class definition of criminology
the study of how and why crime happens
what is the class definition of criminal justice
what to do about criminal activity once it has occurred
what are self report studies
data on crimes not reported to the police
what eight things does the general social survey ask about
sexual assault, robbery, physical assault, thief of personal property, break and enters, vehicle thief, thief of household property and vandalism
what is bobby
a British slang word for policeman
what is the SARA model
S: scanning
A: analysis
R: response
A: assessment
what is the CAPRA model
C: Client
A: Acquiring and analyzing
P: partnership
R: response
A: assessment
what two types of clients are there
direct and indirect
what are direct clients
people the police interact with at various points in their service delivery
what are indirect clients
not directly involved in an incident but has an interest in the outcome
what is the class definition of criminal
anyone who has been convicted of a crim
when did policing become a thing in Fredericton
1848
in what year did upper Canada create board of commissioner of police
1859
in what year did provincial police in Quebec and newfoundland
1870-1871
in what year did Ontario form their police
1909
in what year was the RCMP created
1920
what is crime prevention through social development
schools, YMCA
what is situational crime prevention
home security systems
what is crime prevention through environment design
changing/developing areas, anti homeless architecture
what is community and problem- oriented policing
community and police working together
what is recidivism prevention
john-Howard society (programs that help offenders not offend anymore)
what does Welsh and Farrington contend that crime prevention should be
the fourth pillar of crime reduction, alongside the institutions of police, courts and corrections
what are the three components of problem oriented approach
an analytical process, an intervention, and consideration of solutions
what are the five sectors the canadian association of chiefs of police created
static guard (property security), enhanced security services (active crime prevention) private investigators, corporate security and forensic investigation
how can social media help police
in communication, education and mobilization
what are the two sides of adversarial system
defence and prosecution
what is a red flag
an order to remove firearms from a person who may pose a threat to themselves or others
what is a yellow flag
suspend a license for up to 30 days because there is belief they are not long fit to have a license (weapon is not removed from the persons possession)
what is an arrest
taking or keeping of a person in custody by legal authority specially in response to a criminal offence
what is an arrest warrant
a document signed by a judge authorizing a police offer to apprehend a specific person for a specific reason
what does the PEACE model stand for
P: preparation and planning
E: engage and explain
A: account
C: closure
E: evaluation
what 6 things does an officer have to address when responding to an incident
Environment (weather/time), number of subjects, perception of subjects ability, prior knowledge of subject, time/distance, protentional attack signs
what are the 5 things of the subjects behavior
cooperative, non-cooperative, resistant, combative, showing the potential to cause bodily harm or death
what are the 5 force response available to the police
officer presence, communication, physical control, intermediate (sprays/Taser), lethal force (weapons)
what are street checks
when an officer stops to collect identifying information and record for future use (like getting information on a crime)
what are non- custodial interviewing
the person does not have to answer but what they say can be used against them, not under arrest
what are the three problems associated with the Mr. Big technique
the risk of false confessions and wrongful convictions, prejudice to the accused, the protentional for police misconduct
