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Crim Exam 1 (chapter 1-4) > Exam 1 review > Flashcards

Exam 1 review Flashcards

Chapter 1-4

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1
Q

what is desistance

A

where an offender purses a crime free life without the help of criminal justice professionals

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2
Q

what is duty counsel

A

a lawyer paid by the government to provide leagal advice

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3
Q

what are crime rates

A

the measure of overall police reported crimes as a percentage of the population

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4
Q

what is crime trend

A

an observable pattern in how crime rates have changed over time

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5
Q

what is the crime severity index

A

a measure of the volume and severity of police reported crime in any given region or time period

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6
Q

what is the dark figure of crime

A

crimes that have been committed but go undetected and/or not reported to the police but have shown up in self report measures or other indicators of crime and victimization

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7
Q

what is attrition

A

the filtering process that reduces the number of criminal cases as they move through the various stages of the criminal justice system

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8
Q

what is penology

A

the study of punishment and social sanctions including the laws, practices and beliefs about who, how and why societies punish

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9
Q

what is recidivism

A

relapsing into criminal behavior after treatment and/or sentencing within the criminal justice system “reoffending”

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10
Q

what is remand

A

hold of an accused in custody while they person waits for trial or sentencing

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11
Q

what two models of criminal justice did Packer identify

A

crime control and the welfare model

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12
Q

what is crime control

A

is on the punishment side of the continuum and largely concerned with assuring that the public that crime will not be tolerate and once discovered there will be punishment

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13
Q

what is welfare model

A

is on the treatment side of the continuum and stresses the importance of looking after the needs of the offender to ensure that the persons problems are addressed to lessen future crime

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14
Q

what is rehabilitation

A

the treatment of offenders in order to prevent future criminal activity, a planned intervention that targets the offenders criminality

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15
Q

what is deterrence

A

an approach to crime that focuses on what forms of punishment are necessary to prevent crime from happening

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16
Q

what two forms are part of deterrence

A

special and general

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17
Q

what is specific deterrence

A

seeks to punish the individual offender just enough that it acts as a disincentive to the offender for committing any future crimes

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18
Q

what is general deterrence

A

is about punishing offenders severely enough that the population at large views crime as undesirable and chooses not to commit crime

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19
Q

what is the root causes of crime

A

focuses on the protection of society, culture, economy, and systems that are more likely to lead an individual to commit crime

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20
Q

what is the justice model

A

focuses on the protection of society through deterrence principles but also acknowledges the possibility for human errors is how the system operates. to deter crime but applied equally and fairly to everyone

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21
Q

what is the community change model

A

focuses on these root causes to identify how lack of access to resources and the disadvantages experienced by some members of society create the underlying factors that lead to crime

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22
Q

what is restorative justice

A

a system of addressing conflict that acknowledges the injury suffered during the commission of a crime and strives to repair that injury through reconciling the offender with the victim and their community

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23
Q

what is the class definition of criminology

A

the study of how and why crime happens

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24
Q

what is the class definition of criminal justice

A

what to do about criminal activity once it has occurred

25
Q

what are self report studies

A

data on crimes not reported to the police

26
Q

what eight things does the general social survey ask about

A

sexual assault, robbery, physical assault, thief of personal property, break and enters, vehicle thief, thief of household property and vandalism

27
Q

what is bobby

A

a British slang word for policeman

28
Q

what is the SARA model

A

S: scanning
A: analysis
R: response
A: assessment

29
Q

what is the CAPRA model

A

C: Client
A: Acquiring and analyzing
P: partnership
R: response
A: assessment

30
Q

what two types of clients are there

A

direct and indirect

31
Q

what are direct clients

A

people the police interact with at various points in their service delivery

32
Q

what are indirect clients

A

not directly involved in an incident but has an interest in the outcome

33
Q

what is the class definition of criminal

A

anyone who has been convicted of a crim

34
Q

when did policing become a thing in Fredericton

A

1848

35
Q

in what year did upper Canada create board of commissioner of police

A

1859

36
Q

in what year did provincial police in Quebec and newfoundland

A

1870-1871

37
Q

in what year did Ontario form their police

A

1909

38
Q

in what year was the RCMP created

A

1920

39
Q

what is crime prevention through social development

A

schools, YMCA

40
Q

what is situational crime prevention

A

home security systems

41
Q

what is crime prevention through environment design

A

changing/developing areas, anti homeless architecture

42
Q

what is community and problem- oriented policing

A

community and police working together

43
Q

what is recidivism prevention

A

john-Howard society (programs that help offenders not offend anymore)

44
Q

what does Welsh and Farrington contend that crime prevention should be

A

the fourth pillar of crime reduction, alongside the institutions of police, courts and corrections

45
Q

what are the three components of problem oriented approach

A

an analytical process, an intervention, and consideration of solutions

46
Q

what are the five sectors the canadian association of chiefs of police created

A

static guard (property security), enhanced security services (active crime prevention) private investigators, corporate security and forensic investigation

47
Q

how can social media help police

A

in communication, education and mobilization

48
Q

what are the two sides of adversarial system

A

defence and prosecution

49
Q

what is a red flag

A

an order to remove firearms from a person who may pose a threat to themselves or others

50
Q

what is a yellow flag

A

suspend a license for up to 30 days because there is belief they are not long fit to have a license (weapon is not removed from the persons possession)

51
Q

what is an arrest

A

taking or keeping of a person in custody by legal authority specially in response to a criminal offence

52
Q

what is an arrest warrant

A

a document signed by a judge authorizing a police offer to apprehend a specific person for a specific reason

53
Q

what does the PEACE model stand for

A

P: preparation and planning
E: engage and explain
A: account
C: closure
E: evaluation

54
Q

what 6 things does an officer have to address when responding to an incident

A

Environment (weather/time), number of subjects, perception of subjects ability, prior knowledge of subject, time/distance, protentional attack signs

55
Q

what are the 5 things of the subjects behavior

A

cooperative, non-cooperative, resistant, combative, showing the potential to cause bodily harm or death

56
Q

what are the 5 force response available to the police

A

officer presence, communication, physical control, intermediate (sprays/Taser), lethal force (weapons)

57
Q

what are street checks

A

when an officer stops to collect identifying information and record for future use (like getting information on a crime)

58
Q

what are non- custodial interviewing

A

the person does not have to answer but what they say can be used against them, not under arrest

59
Q

what are the three problems associated with the Mr. Big technique

A

the risk of false confessions and wrongful convictions, prejudice to the accused, the protentional for police misconduct

Crim Exam 1 (chapter 1-4) (2 decks)

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