Exam 1 Review

Question 1

what are the eight characteristics of living organisms? DOGRACER

Answer 1

DNA
organized
growth and development
reproduction
adaptation
cells
energy
respond to the environment

Question 2

explain why the fundamental unit of life is the cell.

Answer 2

it can preform all the activities in life and is the most basic unit of life structure

Question 3

explain how the process of evolution accounts for the features that organisms share and those that set them apart.

Answer 3

evolution: the theory that things can develop overtime to better suit their environment

Question 4

what are the five unifying themes of biology? be able to discuss them in detail.

Answer 4

organization - Organization in biology shows the order of biological systems starting from the smallest to the biggest like from molecule to the organism’s population
information - Information in biology is held in DNA which tells a cell what to do and is passed down to other cells.
energy and matter - All organisms use Energy and Matter as Energy usually starts from the sun or other sources and moves through the ecosystem.
interactions - Organisms interact with their environment and other organisms to benefit either themselves or both organisms.
evolution - Organisms evolve when a random change seems to increase the chances of survival and therefore increasing changes of reproduction with the changes.

Question 5

name and summarize the steps in the scientific method.

Answer 5

observation - observations are the starting point of the scientific method. They are sensory experiences that allow scientists to collect data on the natural world. Scientific observations may create questions for scientists or provide answers. Observations lead to creating questions and then experimentation.
question - The scientific method starts with identifying a problem and forming a question that can be tested.
hypothesis - A hypothesis is a possible answer to a question. It is based on: their own observations, existing theories, and information they gather from other sources. It can be experimental, the thing you test, or a null, something that isn’t tested but it known to potentially cause the resulting answer.
prediction - A prediction is an outcome we’d expect to see if the hypothesis is correct.
experiment - An experiment is a procedure designed to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or refute the derived predictions in the hypothesis.

Question 6

what is the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning and how do they play a role in the scientific method?

Answer 6

inductive reasoning is an observation that can be and deductive reasoning is a predict. both of these have to be valid and complete in order to successfully complete the scientific process.

Question 7

what is the difference between independent and dependent variables in an experiment?

Answer 7

the independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated in the experiment and the dependent variable is the variable that changes because the independent variable was manipulated.

Question 8

explain the role of and general composition of a test group and control group in experimental design.

Answer 8

the control group is the group who is uneffected by the independent variable because they are not receiving the “treatment” but the test group is the group who is effected by the independent variable because they do receive the “treatment”

Question 9

explain the relationship between observation and experimentations.

Answer 9

Experimental studies are studies that control variables to answer a specific research question. Observational studies are studies that observe what happens naturally and record results.

Question 10

what is the connection between evolution and natural selection?

Answer 10

evolution occurs because of natural selection taking out the non desirable genes

Question 11

describe the structure of the placement and charge of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms.

Answer 11

protons have a positive charge and are contained in the nucleus, neutrons have a neutral charge and are contained in the nucleus, electrons have a negative charge and are suspended around the nucleus.

Question 12

what is the difference between an atom, element, molecule, and compound? be able to predict the charge on an atom if given the number of electrons and protons for that atom.

Answer 12

an atom is is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. an element is a substance that cannot be broken down further into other substances by chemical reactions. a molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together and are the SAME.

Question 13

understand the arrangement of the periodic table and be able to calculate atomic mass, atomic number, neutrons and electrons.

Answer 13

groups are vertical and periods are horizontal. atomic mass is calculated by adding together the number of protons and neutrons. atomic number is calculated by looking at the number of protons in an atom. the number of neutrons is calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass. the number of electrons is always equal to the number of protons unless the atom is charged.

Question 14

explain the importance of valence electrons to the formation of chemical bonds

Answer 14

they are either gained, lost, or shared during a chemical reaction.

Question 15

differntiate between a nonpolar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond

Answer 15

polar covalent bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms, while nonpolar covalent bonds result when electrons are more equally shared between atoms.

Question 16

describe the formation of an ionic bond

Answer 16

An ionic bond can be formed after two or more atoms loss or gain electrons to form an ion. Ionic bonds occur between metals, losing electrons, and nonmetals, gaining electrons. Ions with opposite charges will attract one another creating an ionic bond.

Question 17

interpret the polar nature of water molecules based on the distribution of shared electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Answer 17

While there is no net charge to a water molecule, the polarity of water creates a slightly positive charge on hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen

Question 18

compare hydrophillic and hydrophobic substances with respect to their abilities to interact with water.

Answer 18

hydrophillic can work with water, hydrophobic can’t (phobic=phobia)

Question 19

explain how polar covalent bonds in water molecules and hydrogen bonds among water molecules contribute to the special properties of water.

Answer 19

Polar Covalent bonds hold Oxygen and Hydrogen together and hydrogen bonds attract water molecules, together they make up water.

Question 20

explain all the emergent properties of water

Answer 20

1. High Specific Heat/Heat of vaporization
2. Solvent/Metabolism
3. Ice floats
4. Cohesion/Adhesion

Question 21

explain the relationships among hydrogen ion concentration, the pH scale and acidic and basic solutions.

Answer 21

This means that as the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution increases, the pH decreases, making the solution more acidic. Conversely, as the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH increases, making the solution more basic or alkaline.

Question 22

explain why carbon can form four covalent bonds

Answer 22

it has four valance electrons

Question 23

what chemical groups are most important to life

Answer 23

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups.

Question 24

what are the four types of macromolecules

Answer 24

protiens, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 25

what are the monomers of each type of macromolecule

Answer 25

monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates, amino acids are the monomers of proteins, glycerol/fatty acids are the monomers of lipids, and nucleotides are the monomers of DNA.

Question 26

what are the properties/uses of each type of macromolecule

Answer 26

proteins - Storage; Signals; Structural; Contractile; Defensive; Enzyme; Transport; Receptors
lipids - Energy storage; Protection; Chemical messengers; Repel water
carbohydrates - Energy storage; Structure
nucleic acids - store genetic information

Question 27

understand the basis of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Answer 27

dehydration synthesis - a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion.
hydrolysis - Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.

Question 28

explain the difference between simple sugars (monosaccharides) and complex carbohydrates

Answer 28

Simple carbs — also known as simple sugars — contain one or two sugar molecules, whereas complex carbs have three or more.

Question 29

know the different types of carbohydrates structural verses storage polysaccharides

Answer 29

A storage polysaccharide is any polysaccharide that is used to store energy. The examples of a storage polysaccharide in plant cells is starch. A structural polysaccharide is any type of polysaccharide that forms the structural framework of a cell. An example of structural polysaccharide in a plant cell is cellulose.

Question 30

explain why lipids and water do not mix

Answer 30

lipids are hydrophobic (think of the phospholipid bilayer)

Question 31

differentiate between a triacylglycerol and a fatty acid and know their structures.

Answer 31

The structure of a triglyceride is made up of glycerol and three fatty acids. Glycerol is the three-carbon backbone of triglycerides, while fatty acids are longer chains of carbon molecules attached to the glycerol backbone.

Question 32

know the difference in a saturated fatty acid verses an unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 32

Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids with no double bonds and unsaturated fatty acids are fatty acid with one or more double bonds.

Question 33

describe how amino acids are joined to form proteins

Answer 33

peptide bonds link them together

Question 34

identify the amino group, the carboxyl group, the side chain (or R group) and the asymmetric alpha carbon in an amino acid

Answer 34

memorize this. use the chart in the proteins powerpoint to do so.

Question 35

identify the chemical properties of an amino acid based on the structure of its side chain

Answer 35

memorize this. use the chart in the proteins powerpoint to do so.

Question 36

explain the importance of phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds to the structure of nucleic acids

Answer 36

Phosphodiester bonds are used to bond between nucleotides in RNA and DNA. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the dna molecule both internally and externally the bonds occur between the complementary base pairs.

Question 37

distinguish the 5-carbon sugar, the nitrogen containing base, and the phosphate group of a nucleotide

Answer 37

The nitrogenous base is attached to the 1′ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon. In RNA, the pentose sugar is ribose, which has a hydroxyl group attached to the 2′ carbon. In DNA, the pentose sugar is deoxyribose, which has a hydrogen atoms attached to the 2′ carbon.

Question 38

differntiate between DNA and RNA nucleotides

Answer 38

DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose. Furthermore, DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.

Question 39

differentiate between pyrimidine and purine nucleotides

Answer 39

Purine bases are adenine and guanine having two carbon-nitrogen rings. On the other hand, pyrimidine bases such as cytosine and thymine have one carbon-nitrogen ring.

Question 40

what is the difference between structure of DNA and RNA

Answer 40

DNA has a double helix structure and RNA is single stranded. There is thymine in DNA and RNA replaces it with uracil.