EXAM 1 review Flashcards
micro
small
macro
large
Hyper
More
Hypo
less
iso
same
poly
many
hemo
blood
lysis/lysos
breakdown
cyto
cell
pseudo
false
endo
inside
exo
outside
ase
enzyme
ose
sugar
what is the study of life
biology
types of organic molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
a proposed testable explanation of observations
hypothesis
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic weight
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
valance shells
outermost shell of an atom
inert gases (noble gases)
Six elements that make up the last group in the periodic table of elements ( do not combine with other elements)
ion
an atom or group of atoms that has positive or negative charge
isomers
same molecular formula but different structures
Isotopes
atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
Tonicity
the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
Nucleus (cell)
the central part of the cell where DNA is stored
nucleus (atom)
The center of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons
Mitochondrion
Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
cell wall
strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells
Golgi Complex/Apparatus
a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
energy of activation
the amount of energy required to start a reaction
kinetic energy
energy in motion
potential energy
stored energy
ATP
energy
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
active
requires energy to move substances across the cell
passive
does not require energy to move substance across the cell
concentration gradient
the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
hydrolysis
water added to break down something
Monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Saturated
no double bonds
Endergonic
requires energy
Exergonic
releases energy
conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes
what organic molecules have the formula CH2O?
carbohydrates
Flagellum
hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile
What is the basic unit of matter?
atom
monomers of a protein
amino acids
selective permeability
a process in which the plasma membrane of a cell allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out
Name all the domains
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Name all the components of the hierarchy from atom through biosphere.
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cell tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere.
NAME THE TYPE OF BOND: between the H and O within a water molecule
polar covalent
NAME THE TYPE OF BOND: between a positive ion and a negative ion
ionic bond
NAME THE TYPE OF BOND: between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino acid group of another
peptide bonds
what elements are found in all the organic molecules?
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
what organic molecules are non-polar?
lipids
what organic molecules hydrophobic
lipids
what organic molecules are composed of amino acids
protein
what organic molecules do not form polymers
lipids
what organic molecules are composed of poly peptide chains
protein
what organic molecules include sugars
carbohydrates
what organic molecules include DNA and RNA?
nucleic acid
what will happen to a red blood cell in a hyper tonic solution
it will shrink
what will happen to a red blood cell in a hypo tonic solution
it would swell then eventually burst
what will happen to a red blood cell in a isotonic solution
it would stay the same
describe the structure of the plasma membrane
it is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with a polar head and hydrophobic tail facing each other to keep the water out.
What do the columns on the periodic table represent?
the columns represent groups on the periodic table
What do the rows on the periodic table represent?
number of electron shells
What are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
Cillia
hair like projections of a cell that move in wave like motion
COOH
acidic
Entropy
disorder
what molecule has a double helix shape
DNA
what is the effect an enzyme has on the energy of activation
it decreases it
cells that have rigged cell wall
plant cell
glucose +fructose
sucrose
glucose + galactose
lactose
glucose + glucose
maltose
glucose and fructose are
isomers
netrual pH
7
substance used to maintain PH
Buffer
Where is ATP produced?
mitochondria
polypeptide chain
chain of amino acids
elements in the far right column of the periodic table are called what
noble gases/ inert gases
organic catalysts
enzymes
monomers of polysaccharides
monosaccharides
what makes the endoplasmic reticulum rough?
ribosomes
what is the opposite of hydrolysis?
dehydration synthesis
