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BIOL 432 > Exam #1 Review > Flashcards

Exam #1 Review Flashcards

Exam review questions given by Dr. Liu.

1
Q

How and why are Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis different?

A

Oogenesis produce an ova (egg) - 1 egg
Spermatogenesis produces spermatozoa (sperm cells) - 4 sperm cells

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2
Q

Why is calcium important on fertilization?

A
  • It prevents polyspermy
  • It prepares the egg for mitosis
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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT from the ectoderm?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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4
Q

Which of the following is from the ectoderm?

A
  • Nail
  • Skin/epidermis
  • Brain
  • Lens
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5
Q

The P-Granules label what in embryos and what in adults?

A
  • Posterior end of the embryos
  • Gonads in adults
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6
Q

What determines the anterior/posterior polarity of C. elegans?

A

The relative position of the sperm vs. egg nucleus

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7
Q

What would happen should the anchor cell be removed?

A

The worm would have no vulva

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8
Q

How many cells are there in an early fly blastoderm?

A

1

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9
Q

A bicoid homozygous mutant fly must have…

A

not sure/more info needed

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10
Q

A gene is expressed in 7 stripes in a fly embryo. This gene is most likely a…

A

Pair-rule gene

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11
Q

Normally Ubx expression is restricted to T3 and abdominal segments. What would happen if you force its expression in T2? Why?

A

The fly would have no wings because Ubx expression in T2 would override the function of Antp and transform T2 into T3, which do not grow wings.

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12
Q

What is the phenotype of pop-1 mutant worms?

A

They gave extra intestinal tissue

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13
Q

What is one of the mom protein functions?

A

promote gut development

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14
Q

What is derived from the trophoblast?

A

placenta

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15
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The formation of the neural tube

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16
Q

In this experiement, the authors killed all blastomeres at 8-cell stage except for E because they wanted to know…
(A) Whether the mom mutant E gave rise to pharyngeal
muscle
(B) Whether the mom mutant E gave rise to body wall
muscle
(C) Whether the mom mutant E stay alive in development
(D) All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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17
Q

The Aba descent, but not MS, requires glp-1 to make pharyngeal muscles. Based on this, you expect the glp-1; mom-2 double mutant E blastomere to produce…

A

Pharyngeal muscles

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18
Q

All of the following about zebrafish are correct except…
(A) The embryos develop quickly in
a dish
(B) It is relatively cheap to maintain
(C) The embryos are transparent
(D) It lays hundreds of eggs each
time
(E) Its generation time is 2-3 days

A

E. Its generation time is 2-3 days

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19
Q

Which is NOT associated with human organoid?

A

An aborted human fetus

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20
Q

A healthy couple has a child who suffered from a
recessive disease. What is the chance that their
second child will suffer from the same disease?

A

25%

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21
Q

or10 and or46 are two mutant alleles of the
same gene mom-1. A worm carrying both alleles
would lay eggs that…

A

Fail to develop intestine

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22
Q

mom-5 is the Wnt receptor on
the surface of EMS. Which mosaic embryos will NOT
produce intestine?

A

wt P2 plus mom-5 EMS
mom-5 P2 plus mom-5 EMS

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23
Q

Which of the following is
TRUE?
(A) mom-2 is required in EMS for
determining E fate
(B) Pop-1 promotes E fate by inhibiting
mom-2 function
(C)Mom-2 promotes pop-1 transport to the
MS blastomere
(D)Mom-2;pop1 double mutants have no
gut

A

idk lol

24
Q

Why is chemical mutagenesis
better than some other mutagenesis
methods?
(A) High mutation rates
(B) Mainly point mutations
(C) Most helpful in understanding gene
functions
(D) Does not need expensive X-ray or g-
ray generators
(E) All of the above

A

E. All of the above

25
Q

Which statement is false?

(A) Genes on the same chromosome are linked
genes
(B) In theory, frequency of recombination never
exceeds 50%
(C) The frequency of recombination between
two linked genes are below 50%
(D)The law of segregation does not apply to
linked genes
(E) The law of independent assortment does
not apply to linked genes

A

E. The law of independent assortment does
not apply to linked genes

26
Q

Gene A is at 13cM on Chr. 1 and gene B is
at 83cM on Chr. 1. What is the recombination
frequency between them?

A

<50%

27
Q

In chemical mutagenesis, why do we
always breed mutagenized males with females
from a different strain?

A

To be able to locate the mutation on
chromosomes

28
Q

which of the following gives ride to mosaic fish

A
  1. Mutations in primary spermatocytes
  2. Mutations in secondary spermatocytes
29
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MIGHT
INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF LARGE
SPERMATOGONIAL CLONES?
(A) Mosaic fish was recovered
(B) No mutant fish was recovered
(C) Many mutant fish with varying degrees of pigment loss
was recovered
(D) Many mutant fish with the same degree of pigment loss
was recovered
(E) None of the above

A

D. Many mutant fish with the same degree of pigment loss
was recovered

30
Q

Which transgene components is NOT required for the production of protein product?

A

Mini-intron

31
Q

How can transgene insertion disrupt
an endogenous gene?

A
  1. By truncating the protein
  2. By truncating the mRNA
  3. By disrupting the promoter
  4. By disrupting the enhancer
32
Q

What is the major difference between a
sperm and an oocyte?

A

A sperm does not contain as much cytoplasm as an oocyte.

33
Q

Where is Acrosome?

A

On top of the sperm nucleus

34
Q

Which species undergoes meroblastic cleavage?

A

Zebrafish

35
Q

IF the anchor cell is removed, which structure will be missing in the worm?

A

Vulva

36
Q

What does an EMS blastomere develop into in
isolation, and why?

A

Pharyngeal tissue and body wall muscles. When EMS
blastomere develops in isolation, it does not receive
Wnt signal from P2 to develop intestinal tissue.
Therefore, both daughter cells adopt the MS fate.

37
Q

If a fly larva has two tails but no head, which of
the following is most likely true?

A

Its mother is a homozygous bicoid mutant

38
Q

What regulates the expression domain of a gap
gene?

Gap gene - involved in the development of segmented embryos
- defined by the effect of a mutation in tat gene causing a loss of body segments hence the “gap”.

A

Egg polarity genes

  • required for the proper formation of epidermal pattern w/in each segment
39
Q

The ultrabithorax fly mutant contains a mutation
in

A

A homeotic gene

40
Q

What does NOT happen during zebrafish
cleavage

A

RNA synthesis

41
Q

Inbred strains are good for genetics
because

A

They are genetically homogeneous

42
Q

During mouse gastrulation, mesoderm
cells are generated at a special
structure called

A

Primitive streak

a structure that forms in the early embryo in amniotes

establishes the antero-posterior body axis

43
Q

Neural tube defects are failures in

A

Closing the neural tube

44
Q

What constitute a complementation
group?

A

Various mutation in the same gene

45
Q

In a biosynthetic pathway, enzyme A catalyzes
the first step and enzyme B catalyzes the
second step. The aa;bb double mutant should
exhibit a phenotype similar to

A

bb

46
Q

In a mouse recessive screen, we always backcross
G2 females with the F1 father to get homozygous
mutant embryos. Why don’t we backcross F1
females with the founder male to save some time?

A

Major: The germline of the founder male is a mixture of
many different spermatogonial clones. The chance that
a sperm carrying the same mutation fertilizes the egg of
the F1 daughter is extremely low. Thus this cross will
not work.
Minor: The founder male are usually not very healthy
due to somatic mutations/cancers. Thus may not live
long enough

47
Q

The recombination rate is 4% between A and
B, 7% between B and C and 4.5% between
A and C. The order of these three genes on
the chromosome is

A

B-A-C

48
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

The binding sites for transcriptional activator

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT true
about insertional mutagenesis

(A) It can be used as a gene discovery tool
(B) It allows quick identification of the mutated
gene
(C) It can be done in ES cells to reduce the cost
(D) Scientists have full control over which gene to
mutate with this method

A

(D) Scientists have full control over which gene to
mutate with this method

50
Q

What is the advantage of gene-trap
over conventional insertional
mutagenesis?

A

The reporter gene is only expressed when the
gene-trap vector is in a host gene

51
Q

When you combine an EMS blastomere from a
mom-2 mutant embryo and a P2 blastomere
from a wild type embryo, what do you get?
Why?

A

You get both mesodermal and endodermal tissues.
Mom-2 encodes a Wnt protein secreted from P2 to
induce E fate from EMS daughters. Therefore, a wild
type P2 can induce E fate from one of the two mom-2
mutant EMS daughters, so both mesodermal and
endodermal tissue can be obtained.

52
Q

An isolated E blastomere from a Skn-1; mom
-2 double mutant gives rise to…

A

Neither intestine nor pharyngeal muscle

53
Q

What is the purpose of the “non-
complementation test” using the
pigment mutant fish?

A

To find out how different pigmentation genes
interact with each other

54
Q

Which of the following may come from the same
spermatogonial clone?

A

2 mutant offspring with the same phenotype isolated
from 1 treated fish

55
Q

How do you avoid getting mosaic fish?
Explain your answer.

A

Wait for two weeks before mating the treated male with
wild type female fish. Within the first two weeks, sperms
released by the male were post-mitotic at the time of
treatment, leading to mosaic fish. After two weeks,
sperms released by the male are derived from pre-
meiotic stem cells at the time of treatment, which leads to
non-mosaic mutant fish.

56
Q

How many strands of chromosomal DNA
are there in each human somatic cell?

A

92

57
Q

Chemical mutagenesis

Marker 1 2 3 4 5 6
mutantA BB BB BB BC BC CC
mutantB BC BB BB BB BB BB

Following the standard protocol, you are trying to clone a mutation generated in the C57 (B) strain by breeding the carriers to wild type C3H females (C). The above table lists your latest genotyping results using 6 SNPs on the same chromosome. Based on this data, the mutation must be between

A

1 and 4

BIOL 432 (3 decks)

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