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Exam 1 Review: Conservation biology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Conservation Biology?

A

It is an integrated, multidisciplinary scientific field that has developed in response to the challenge of preserving species and ecosystems.

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2
Q

What are the three goals of conservation biology?

A
  1. To document the full range of biological diversity on earth.
  2. To investigate human impact on species, genetic variation, and ecosystems.
  3. To develop practical approaches to prevent the extinction of species, maintain genetic diversity within species, and protect and restore biological communities and their associated ecosystem functions.
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3
Q

Normative Discipline

A

It embraces certain values and attempts to apply scientific methods to achieving those values. (Lindenmayer and Hunber 2010).

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4
Q

How does conservation biology differ fr agriculture, forestry, wildlife management, and fisheries?

A

It’s primary goal is the long-term preservation of biodiversity with economic factors secondary.

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5
Q

How does conservation biology aim to preserve biodiversity?

A

It merges applied and theoretical biology and incorporates ideas and expertise from a broad range of fields outside the natural sciences.

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6
Q

Basic Sciences and Resource Management

A

Conservation biology represents a synthesis of many basic sciences that provide principles and new approaches for the applied fields of resource management.

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7
Q

What are the four roots of conservation biology?

A

Religious
Cultural
Philosophical
Metaphysical - scientific, ex: Gaia hypothesis.

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8
Q

What are the three major themes in conservation biology?

A

Natural resources
Ecosystem Management
Sustainable development

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9
Q

Where and when was the first conservation society started?

A

United Kingdom: early leaders
- 1865

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10
Q

What is a major convention date in conservation biology?

A

1992- International Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- convention of biological diversity: CBD
-178 countries signed

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11
Q

What is project TAMAR?

A

Brazil- Generates publicity for sea turtle conservation by staging events for the public, such as this release of hatchlings that were incubated in the safety of a protected hatchery.

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12
Q

What are the five ethical principles of Conservation Biology?

A
  1. The diversity of species and biological communities should be preserved.
  2. The untimely extinction of populations and species should be prevented.
  3. Ecological complexity should be maintained
  4. Evolution should continue
  5. Biological diversity has intrinsic value.
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13
Q

What is logo for conservation biology?

A

It’s a bird with wings as leaves demonstrating the circle of life, within which we live.

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14
Q

What are the three types of biodiversity?

A
  1. Species diversity
  2. Genetic diversity
  3. Ecosystem diversity
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15
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Entire range of evolutionary and ecological adaptations of species to particular environments.

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16
Q

What are two species concepts?

A
  1. Morphological
  2. Biological
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17
Q

What is the morphological concept?

A

A group of individuals that is morphological, physiological, or biochemical distinct from other groups.

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18
Q

What is biological species concept?

A

A group of individuals that can potentially breed among themselves in the wild and that do not breed with other individuals of other groups.

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19
Q

Scientific Names

A

Taxonomists use morphological and genetic information to identify species.

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20
Q

What is Genetic Diversity?

A

Genetic Variation- individuals within a population may be genetically different from one another to varying degrees.

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21
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals at a certain place that can potentially mate with one another and produce offspring.

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22
Q

How does genetic variation affect species?

A

Genetic variation within a species can allow the species to adapt to environmental change.

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23
Q

Why does Genetic Variation Occur?

A

Due to variation in alleles found in particular genes and variation between chromosomes.

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24
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Results from the collective response of species to different environmental conditions

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25
Q

What is a community?

A

All the species that occupy a particular locality and the interactions among those species.

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26
Q

What is a ecosystem?

A

A biological community together with its associated physical and chemical environmental

27
Q

What is Succession?

A

Gradual process of change in species composition, community structure, soil chemistry, and microclimatic characteristics that occurs following natural or human-caused disturbance in a community.

28
Q

What is primary succession?

A

When a new patch of land is created or exposed for first time. Pioneer plants such as lichens start to breakdown rock.

29
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

A previously occupied area is re-colonized following a disturbance that kills much of all of its community. Ex: flood, forest fire.

30
Q

What are the different types of species interactions?

A

1.Predator-prey (+, -)
2. Mutualism ( +, + )
3. Commensalism ( +, o)
4. Amensalism ( -, o)
5. Parasitism ( +, -)
6. Parasitoids ( +, x)

31
Q

What is Carrying Capacity?

A

Determines the size of the population that can exist or will be tolerated in that area. The availability of habitat and the number of animals of given species the habitat can support overtime.

32
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

Strongly affects the abundance and distribution of other species in an ecosystem

33
Q

Keystone species examples

A

Wolves, bats, disease causing organisms, fig trees, etc…

34
Q

Dominant species ex:

A

Forest trees, deer, giant kelps, prairie grass, etc..

35
Q

Rare species ex:

A

Wildflowers, butterflies, mosses, etc…

36
Q

Common species ex:

A

Understory, trees, shrubs, weedy grasses, etc…

37
Q

How many species exist?

A

-1.5 million of species have been described, yet there is an estimated 5 to 100 millions.

38
Q

What are the richness areas?

A
  1. Tropical forest
  2. Coral reefs
  3. Deciduous forest
  4. Deep sea
  5. Mediterranean climates
39
Q

What makes up majority of species?

A
  1. Insects- more than 50%
  2. Plants- 25%
  3. Animals- 25%
40
Q

What are externalities?

A

Hidden cost or benefits that result from a economic activity to individuals or a society not directly involved in that activity.

41
Q

Market Failure

A

Misallocation of resources in which certain individuals or businesses benefit from using a common resources, such as water, the atmosphere, or a forest, but other individuals, businesses, or the Soviet at large bears cost.

42
Q

Open- access resources

A

Natural resources that are not controlled by individuals but are collectively owned by society: water, air, soil.

43
Q

Tragedy of the commons:

A

The value of the open access resource is gradually lost to all of the society.

44
Q

What are the types of ecological economics and environmental economics?

A
  1. Environmental impact assessment
  2. Cost- benefit analysis
  3. Calculation of GDP
  4. Genuine progress indicator
  5. Environmental sustainability index
45
Q

What are Direct Economic Values?

A
  1. Consumption value
  2. Productive use value
46
Q

What is consumption use value?

A

Can be calculated by considering how much people would have to pay to buy an equivalent product if their local source were no longer available.

47
Q

What is productive use value?

A

Natural resources are sold commercially and have enormous total market value.
- forest products
- the natural pharmacy

48
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A
  1. Provisioning
    -food, water
  2. Cultural
    - spiritual, recreational, education
  3. Regulating
    - climate control, soil retention, disease regulation
  4. Supporting
    - primary production, soil formation
49
Q

How do ecosystem services help weep being and poverty reduction?

A

Basic material for a comfortable life
Health
Security from disasters
Stable societies

50
Q

Indirect economic values:

A
  1. Nonconsumption use value
  2. Ecosystem productivity
  3. Water and soil protection
  4. Climate regulation
  5. Species relationships and environmental monitors
  6. Amenity value
  7. Educational and scientific value
51
Q

What is nonconsumption use value?

A

Services not consumed

52
Q

What is ecosystem productivity?

A

Use of solar energy, estuaries, etc…
- ecosystems with reduce biodiversity are less able to adapt to the altered conditions associated with rising CO2 and climate change.

53
Q

Water and soil protection

A

Watersheds
- 1980 New York: 1.5 millions
- water filtration plants: 8-9 billions

54
Q

What are indirect economic values?

A

Wetland ecosystem services whose value is typically not accounted for in the current market system include waste treatment, water purification, and flood control- essential to healthy human societies.

55
Q

Climate regulation

A

Reduction of plants results in reduction of the intake of CO2. Plants are the green lungs of planet.

56
Q

Species relationships and environmental monitors

A

Relationships between species are often essential for preserving biodiversity and provide value to people. Ex: insects pollinate crops that we depend on for food.

57
Q

Amenity value

A

Recreational services for humans. Ex: natural experiences in park pay $5 entry, etc..
-ecotourism

58
Q

Educational and scientific value

A

Increase human knowledge, enhance education, and enrich the human experience.

59
Q

The long term view: option value

A

Option value: the potential of biodiversity to provide and economic benefit to human society at some point in the future.
Ex: bioprospecting

60
Q

Bioprospecting

A

Searching for new plants, animals, fungi, and microgramims that can be used to fight human disease or to provide some other economic value.

61
Q

Existence value

A

The benefit people receive from knowing that a habitat or species exists and quantified as the amongst people that are willing to pay to prevent species from being harmed or going extinct.

62
Q

Beneficiary or bequest value:

A

Benefit for children and descendent or future generations quantified as the amount pepper are willing to pay for this goal.

63
Q

Environmental ethics

A
  1. Each species has a right to exist.
  2. Species interface in complex ways in natural communities
  3. People have a responsibility to act as stewards of the earth
64
Q

Deep ecology

A

Environmental philosophy that advocates placing greater value on protecting biodiversity through changes in personal attitudes, lifestyle, and even societies.
-Green peace
- Earth first

Exam 1 Review: Conservation biology (1 decks)

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