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Biology 1620 USU > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between Endotherms and Ectotherms?

A

Endotherms maintain a stable body temp, and regulate it through homeostasis. Ectotherms body temp is determined by the environment.

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2
Q

What are the four types of Animal Tissue?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

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3
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue and what does it include?

A

The body’s protection: Includes skin, hair nails, and organ linings.

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4
Q

What is connective tissue and what does it include?

A

The body’s support system: includes bone, cartilage, tendons, and blood.

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5
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Provides movement and heart contractions.

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6
Q

What does nervous tissue do and what does it include?

A

Nervous tissue relays information and includes the nerves and neurons.

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7
Q

Where does Endocrine Signaling occur?

A

Occurs via hormones through the bloodstream.

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8
Q

Where does Nervous signaling occur?

A

Occurs via electric impulses through nerves and neurons.

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9
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The state of equilibrium that maintains the body within its normal working range.

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10
Q

What is homeostasis maintained through, and where is it regulated?

A

Homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback and regulated in the hypothalamus.

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11
Q

What is glucose?

A

Glucose is sugar as it exists in the bloodstream.

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12
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Glucose that is stored in the liver.

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13
Q

What is Insulin?

A

A hormone that causes the uptake and storage of glucose in the liver as glycogen.

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14
Q

What is Glucagon?

A

A hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen and realse of glucose into the bloodsteam.

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15
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Is is the products of a system that tell the system to keep on going.

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16
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A feedback that tends to dampen a process.

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17
Q

What are the Appetite Hormones?

A

Leptin, PYY, Insulin, and Ghrelin.

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18
Q

What is Leptin and what is it released from?

A

An appetite suppressor released from fat tissue.

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19
Q

What is PYY?

A

An appetite suppressor that is released after meals.

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20
Q

What is insulin and when is it released?

A

An appetite suppressor released when glucose levels rise after a meal.

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21
Q

What is Ghrelin and what does it do?

A

An appetite stimulant that causes hunger pangs.

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22
Q

What are the four categories of Essential Nutrients?

A

Essential Amino acids, Vitamins, Minerals, and Essential Fatty acids.

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23
Q

What makes Essential Nutriends essential?

A

They are nutrients that cannot be created in the body which must be consumed.

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24
Q

What is the difference between Water-soluble Vitamins and Fat-soluble Vitamins?

A

Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine, overconsumption creates no issue. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fat and can be toxic if overconsumed.

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25
Q

What makes Saturated Fatty Acids different from Unstaurated Fatty Acids?

A

Saturated Fatty Acids contain no double bonds in hydrocarbon chains and are usually solid at room temp. (Think butter)

26
Q

What makes Unsaturated Fatty acids different from Saturated Fatty Acids?

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids contain double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually liquid at room temperatures. (Think veg. oil)

27
Q

Explain Undernourished?

A

Lack of calories needed for basic body function. Causes emaciation, fat loss, and muscle degeneration.

28
Q

Explain Malnourished

A

Sufficient fuel, but deficient in one or more essential nutrients. Most common in young children.

29
Q

List the 7 macro-minerals that are needed in the body.

A

Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium, and Sulfer.

30
Q

List the 12 trace minerals.

A

Chromium, Cobalt, Coppet, Fluorine, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Vanadium, and Zinc.

31
Q

What is iron used for?

A

Iron is used in hemoglobin in the blood to carry oxygen.

32
Q

What is Zinc used for?

A

Zinc is involved in the production of white blood cells and in cell devision. It also plays a role in development.

33
Q

What is Selenium used for?

A

It is a powerful antioxidant, it binds to reactive species of oxygen before they can damage body tissues.

34
Q

What is Molybdenum used for?

A

Used in four known enzymes to process sulfur-containing amino acids and nucleotides.

35
Q

What is Suspension feeding?

A

The capture and ingestion of food particles that are suspended in water.

36
Q

What is Substrate feeding?

A

Substrate feeders live on or in their food source.

37
Q

What is fluid feeding?

A

Feeding off the fluids out of another plant or animal.

38
Q

What is buik feeding.

A

Predator gets the required nutrients by eating all of the prey.

39
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Food particle is engulfed by cell pseudopodia and captured in a vavuole. The lysosome of the cell contains enzymes that digest the food.

40
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Liquids are taken in by infoldings of the plasma membrane, and held in vesicle.

41
Q

What are the four steps of Nutrient Processing?

A
  1. Injestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Excretion
42
Q

Why is digestion compartmentalized?

A

This is to protect the body’s tissues from being digested while food is being broken down. Each compartment secretes digestive enzymes to break down specific nutrients, and protective secretions to protect against those specific digestive enzymes.

43
Q

Some animals have a crop. What is a Crop?

A

A storage center for food, contains added fluid.

44
Q

Some animals have a Gizzard. What is a Gizzard?

A

Has hard material to mechanically break down tough food.

45
Q

What happens in the intestine?

A

Where chemical breakdown of food occurs, and nutrient uptake begins.

46
Q

What is Typhlosole?

A

It is the folds in the intestine that increase surface area.

47
Q

Insects and birds have what to store and break down plant materials?

A

Gastric Ceca

48
Q

Salivary glands secrete what three things?

A

Salivary amylase, Mucus, and antibiotic agents.

49
Q

What does the Peristalsis do?

A

It sends food to the stomach, which is closed off by sphincters and protected by a layer of mucus.

50
Q

What makes up the gastric juice in the stomach?

A

Pepsinogen, pepsin, and HCl.

51
Q

What kind of feedback loop is Pepsin secretion?

A

Pepsin secretion is a positive feedback loop.

52
Q

What does Pepsin do?

A

Begins digestion of proteins and triggers the release of pepsinogen.

53
Q

What does HCl do in the stomach?

A

Breaks down food and converts pepsinogen to pepsin.

54
Q

What are the three parts of the Small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.

55
Q

What happens in the Duodenum?

A

Stomach chyme, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and liver bile combine to digest many nutrients.

56
Q

What happens in the Jejunum.

A

Water absorption, and some nutrient absorption.

57
Q

What happens in the ileum?

A

Anything the jejunum missed is absorbed.

58
Q

Where does Carbohydrate digestion begin and what is the key enzyme?

A

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and the enzyme is Salivary amylase.

59
Q

Where does protein digestion begin and what is the key enzyme?

A

Protein digestion begins in the stomach and the key enzyme is Pepsin.

60
Q

Where dues nucleic acid digestion begin and what is the key enzyme?

A

Begins in the Small intestine, the enzyme is Pancreatic Nucleases.

61
Q

Where does Fat digestion begin and what is the key enzyme?

A

In the small intestine and the enzyme is Pancreatic Lipase.

Biology 1620 USU (2 decks)

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