Exam 1 - Respiratory

Question 1

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Gas Exchange and Ventilation

Question 2

How is the gas exchange function achieved?

Answer 2

Achieved by interaction of epithelial cells with mesenchymal tissues, which include blood vessels

Question 3

What are the cells of the bronchi?

Answer 3

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 4

What are the cells of the bronchiole?

Answer 4

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 5

Mechanical defenses for airways

Answer 5

1. Particles become entrapped in mucus and gases become dissolved in mucus
2. The largest particles are deposited in the turbinates and the smallest at bronchiole-alveolar junction
3. Mucus is moved mechanically by beating cilia plus coughing and sneezing, moved to pharynx, then swallowed

Question 6

Immunologic defenses for airways

Answer 6

IgA in upper airways

IgG in lower airways

Question 7

Defenses in Alveoli for airborne insults

Answer 7

Phagocytosis of particles by MO = MAIN defense

These alveolar MO can recruit neutrophils or T cells, and participate in development of fibrosis or emphysema

Summary:
Air borne insults –> upper airways

Question 8

Defenses in Alveoli for Blood Borne insults

Answer 8

Abundant flow of blood to lungs can readily bring microbes, emboli, or endotoxin to alveoli

Inflammatory responses and immunologic responses occur in the interstitium of alveoli

Summary:
Blood borne insults –> alveoli

Question 9

Pneumonia

Answer 9

Inflammation in lungs

Question 10

Bronchopneumonia

Answer 10

Lesions are centered around bronchioles in a LOBULAR; has anterior ventral distribution pattern

Question 11

What causes bronchopneumonia

Answer 11

Airborne insults, mostly inhaled bacteria which cause suppurative inflammation

Question 12

Types of exudate

Answer 12

Serous - watery 
Mucoid or catarrhal - mucus present 
Suppurative or purulent - neutrophils 
Fibrinous - fibrin in the exudate 
Granulomatous - MO 
Necrosis with severity; abscesses with chronicity

Question 13

Resolution requirements

Answer 13

Neutralization of agent
Neutralization of agent
Removal of exudate
Survival of epithelial cells, basement membrane

Question 14

Does Interstitial pneumonia have cranial ventral distribution?

Answer 14

NO! Bronchopneumonia does

Question 15

Interstitial pneumonia

Answer 15

Inflammation affects the alveoli but NOT bronchioles

Question 16

Most common cause of pneumonia in pigs?

Answer 16

Salmonella Septicemia

Question 17

Where do you see hyaline membranes?

Answer 17

Diffuse alveolar damage - interstitial pneumonia.

Meat left on the counter analogy –> air will pull water out, leaving proteins behind (organization appears hyaline)

Question 18

What species do we often see hyaline membranes in?

Answer 18

Cattle

Question 19

Causes of interstitial pneumonia

Answer 19

1. Septicemia, Salmonella, or other bacteria
2. CDV or other viruses
3. NO, NO2 in pollution mixes with water –> forms nitric acid that chemically burns alveoli
4. Pneumoconiosis, inhaled particulates that reach alveoli
5. SARS and MERS viruses in people

Question 20

Congestion

Answer 20

Stasis in VESSELS

Question 21

Edema

Answer 21

Proteinaceous fluid in alveoli

Question 22

What is hypostatic congestion due to>

Answer 22

Gravity

Question 23

What happens to gas exchange with edema?

Answer 23

Decreased to absent gas exchange

Question 24

Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Answer 24

Varies from petechial to massive

Causes: congestion, poor integrity of vessel walls, coagulation abnormalities, septicemia

Question 25

Thrombus

Answer 25

Clot that forms on the vessel and stays there

Question 26

Embolus

Answer 26

Clot that becomes dislodged from vessel wall --> travels to another site and becomes lodged

Question 27

Infarct

Answer 27

Interference with blood flow (typically by thrombus) leading to necrosis

Question 28

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - umbrella term

Answer 28

Includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis

Question 29

Emphysema

Answer 29

Destruction of alveolar walls Distention of pulmonary air spaces Loss of elastic recoil Destruction of gas exchange surface

Question 30

Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 30

Lasts for >3months

Question 31

Bronchiectasis

Answer 31

Fibrosis around airways and dilation of airways (rare in vet med)

Question 32

What is a common name for COPD in horses?

Answer 32

Heeves * Forced expiration

Question 33

What kind of metaplasia is seen in heeves?

Answer 33

Squamous cell epithelium replaces respiratory epithelium

Question 34

Atelectasis

Answer 34

Incomplete expansion of a lung or a part of a lung, acute or acquired

Question 35

Fetal atelectasis

Answer 35

Lung never inflated, diffuse change Red in color: redness from bloodflow (adequate), but no diffusion with air

Question 36

Acquired atelectasis

Answer 36

Can be obstructive or compressive Pneumonia with inflammatory exudate can cause atelectasis

Question 37

Types of inflammation in Upper Respiratory Track (nose through trachea)

Answer 37

``` Serous Mucoid Purulent Fibrinonecrotic Eosinophilic Granulomatous Polypoid (polyps) ```

Question 38

Rhinitis

Answer 38

Inflammation in nose

Question 39

Sinusitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis

Answer 39

Similar to Rhinitis --> location different

Question 40

Two types of primary lung tumors

Answer 40

1. Central (don't see often in vet med); originate at the bronchi 2. Peripheral - arise from bronchioles

Question 41

Why are lungs main target for metastasis

Answer 41

Large amount of blood volume and LOW pressure (easy for tumors to get stuck here)

Question 42

Steps for tumor metastasis

Answer 42

Origin tissue --> CT --> basement membrane --> endothelial cells --> travel in blood stream --> get stuck on endothelial cells --> penetrate basement membrane --> CT --> target tissue

Question 43

Hemangiosarcoma metastatic to _____-

Answer 43

LUNG Very common in dogs (esp Goldens)