exam 1 - resp emergencies Flashcards
is the nose often a site for resp emergency
no but epistaxis can cause resp distress and stenotic nares can lead to heat stress
what in the esophagus can cause resp distress
eso mass or FB that impinges on trachea
emergency tx for larynx emergencies
sedation, oxygen, +/- corticosteroids
paralysis, trauma, neoplasia
surgical options for larynx emergencies
temp tracheostomy,
laryngoplasty - paralysis, rarely done on emergency
types of tracheal emergencies
traumatic disruption
obstructive lesions
how to dx tracheal tears
SQ emphysema, pneumomediastinum
tracheoscopy, rads
tx for tracheal tears
conservative - cage rest, rarely tube trach
do we do surgery for tracheal tears
no
resection/anastomoses occasionally needed
where does inspiratory distress point to in the trachea
extrathoracic
where does expiratory distress point to in the trachea
intrathroacic
emergency tx of tracheal obstruction
sedation, oxygen, +/- corticosteroids
surgery for tracheal obstruction
tube trach caudal to obstruction
FB retrieval, rings or stents for collapse
what does hyporesonance mean in thoracic percussions
fluid, solid organs
thud sound
what does hyper-resonance mean in thoracic percussion
air, gas filled organ
ping
causes of pleural space emergencies
pleural effusion, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia
emergency tx of pleural effusion
thoracocentesis, thoracostomy tube
typical vs tension pneumothorax
tension = flap that prevents air escape once its entered
emergency tx of pneumothorax
thoracocentesis, thoracostomy tube
what is most common - typical or tension pneumothorax
typical
mediastinal emergencies
pneumomediastinum, septic mediastinitis, hemomediastinum
which mediastinal emergency has the most mortality`
septic mediastinitis
pneumomediastinum tx
rarely needed - address underlying cause
can progress to pneumothorax
how does septic mediastinum start
eso perforation
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid in pulmonary interstitium and alveoli
can pulmonary edema be life threatening
yes
causes of pulmonary edema
increased pulmonary capillary pressure
increased pulmonary capillary permeability - leaky
will hypoproteinemia cause pulmonary edema
not alone
special cases of pulmonary edema
high altitude, thromboembolism, neurogenic, ARDS
what is the one type of high pressure pulmonary edema
cardiogenic
pulmonary edema tx
treat underlying cause
oxygen, diuretic, bronchodilators, ventilation
when to use Abx for pneumonia
based on culture
pneumonia vs pneumonitis
pneumonia - inflammation from infection
pneumonitis - noninfection inflammation
what is pulmonary contusion
truamatic injury resulting in hemorrhage and edema in parenchyma
what are the 2 endpoints for pulmonary contusions
most resolve in 3-10 days
some severe enough to cause death
tx for pulmonary contusion
symptomatic
NO ABX - unless secondary pneumonia
avoid fluid overload - give diuretic if suspected
how does pulmonary thromboembolism present
cause of acute, unexpected death
rarely diagnosed antemortem
tx for pulmonary thromboembolism
symptomatic
anticoagulant
thrombolytics rarely used - too risky
what end airway disease in what animal is most likely to present for emergency
cat allergic bronchitis
feline asthma CS and emergency tx
paroxysmal cough, wheezing, resp distress, cyanosis
bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen
infectious bronchitis causes
viral, allergic, aspiration
infectious bronchitis tx
often not emergent
bronchodilation, nebulization, Abx
lung lobe torsion presentation
pleural effusion
normal tx for lung lobe torsion
surgery - not usually emergency
emergency tx for lung lobe torsion
thoracocentesis, thoracostomy tube
are rib fx life threatening
not normally but can cause pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, myocardial injury
rib fx emergency tx
intercostal nerve block, avoid thoracic bandage
what is flail chest
segment of thoracic wall with multiple ribs fractured dorsally and ventrally causing paradoxical motion
flail chest tx
emergency - supportive - intercostal nerve blocks
surgical - splint, rarely necessary
is thoracic wall perforation bad
yes, can be rapidly fatal
close defect early, place thoracostomy tube
