exam 1 questions

Question 1

The two-process model of sleep regulation would predict theh “second wind” phenomena of being a little more alert during the day after a night of total sleep deprivation to be due to which of the following

a) reduced sleep pressure due to dissipation of sleep inertia
b) reduced sleep pressure due to arousal from the circadian component
c) reduced sleep pressure from the left hemisphere slow-wave component than the right hemispherere arousal component
d) reduced sleep pressure from the homeostatic component

Answer 1

reduced sleep pressure due to arousal from the circadian component

Question 1

The process S. model explains how during develoment, children are able to stay up later as they mature. This process can be best described by which of the following?

a) slower buildup of sleep pressure during wakefulness
b) faster decay of slow wave activity during sleep
c) maturation of the circadian system promoting ocnsolidated sleep at night
d) disappearance of the trace alternative
e) development of mature sleep spindles

Answer 1

slower buildup of sleep pressure during wakefulness

Question 2

Immediately after birth, sleep in a full-term infant is characterized by:
a) 30% REM and 70% DEEP slow wave sleep
b) 50% active and 50% quiet sleep
c) 20% active and 80% quiet sleep
d) 40% REM and 60% DEEP slow wave sleep
e)75% light and 25% deep slow wave sleep

Answer 2

50% active and 50% quiet sleep

Question 3

The following is a marker of the biological/circadian night

a) High melatonin levels
b) Dissipation of slow wave activity during sleep (SWA)
c) High acetylcholine levels
d) Low ATP levels
e) All of these could be usede.

Answer 3

high melatonin levels

Question 4

sleep science shows that,if you pulled an “all-nighter” to study for this exam, your performance is equivalent to which of the following

a) An expert
b) A 4th grader
b) Blood alcohol of 0.05 or more, but less than 0.25 - about 0.08
d) Blood alcohol of 0.25 of more
e) Blood alcohol of less than 0.01

Answer 4

b) Blood alcohol of 0.05 or more, but less than 0.25 - about 0.08

Question 5

The recommended amount of sleep for a middle school/high school student (adolescent). is

a) 6.5 hrs
b) 9.5 hrs.
c) 11 hrs.
d) 4.5 hrs.
e) 7.5 hrs

Answer 5

9.25 hrs

Question 6

The explosion of interest in the 1950s was likely related to which of the following findings:

a) total sleep deprivation leads to death in non-humans
b) first use of EEG to measure sleep
c) discovery of REM sleep
d) importance of sleep in health and disease

Answer 6

discovery of REM sleep

Question 7

When animals exiit from torpor, they have a(n) _ sleep need

a) higher
b) unchanged
c) lower

Answer 7

higher

Question 8

Development of a consolidated nighttime/nocturnal sleep pattern in an infant is most associated with maturation of what physiological system/process?

a) Pruning/downscaling of cortical synapses
b) Sleep homeostatic system
c) None of these are associated with a consolidated nocturnal sleep pattern
d) Muscle atonia system
e) Circadian system

Answer 8

Circadian system

Question 9

A clinical test used to assess levels of daytime sleepiness is called

a) Daytime sleepiness scale test (DSST)
b) Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)
c) Functional test of sleepiness (FTOS)
d) Excessive daytime sleepiness test (EDST)
e) Sleep wake scale testing (SWST)

Answer 9

Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)

Question 10

The clinical cutoff for excessive daytime sleepiness on the Epworth Sleepiness scale is

a) 40
b) 8
c) 5
d) 10
e) 20

Answer 10

10

Question 11

Deep slow wave sleep amplitude is highest in the first year of life

a) true
b) false

Answer 11

false – lower in the first year of life

Question 12

Which sleep stage in a newborn infant is characterized by the following physiology:
a) even respiration and muscle activityREM sleep
b) Active sleep
c) Trace alternative
d) Quiet sleep
e) NREM sleep

Answer 12

active sleep

Question 13

When drosophila melanogaster are given caffeine they demonstrate

a) more REM sleep
b) no impact on sleep
c) longer latency to sleep

Answer 13

longer latency to sleep

Question 14

Body mass directly correlates with sleep duration in mammals, and therefore helps to explain species differences in sleep duration

a) True
b) False

Answer 14

False - basal metabolic rate, not body mass. Higher BMR = less NREM; conversely, lower BMR = more NREMb.

Question 15

Sleep duration and NREM duration are strongly conserved among related species

a) true
b) false

Answer 15

false – weakly conserved

Question 16

After awakening from an 8 hour night of sleep, how long would it take for your performance to be at its best

a) 5 min
b) 5 hrs
c) 30 min
d) 2 hrs

Answer 16

2 hrs – DLMOOff set lasts around 2 hrs

Question 17

Match the sleep-wakefulness stage with the described physiology (the same answer may apply to one or more questions)

a) REM sleep =
b) Other incorrect options: onset of slow-rolling eye movements; k-complexes; active-alert wakefulness

Answer 17

a) REM sleep = onset of rapid eye movements
b) Other incorrect options: onset of slow-rolling eye movements; k-complexes; active-alert wakefulness

Question 18

Match the sleep-wakefulness stage with the described physiology (the same answer may apply to one or more questions)

a) Active-alert wakefulness
b) Other incorrect options: onset of slow-rolling eye movements; k-complexes; onset of rapid eye movementsb.

Answer 18

a) Active-alert wakefulness = Beta EEG
b) Other incorrect options: onset of slow-rolling eye movements; k-complexes; onset of rapid eye movementsb.

Question 19

Match the sleep-wakefulness stage with the described physiology (the same answer may apply to one or more questions)

a) Stage 2 sleep =
b) Other incorrect options: Beta EEG; onset of slow rolling eye movements; onset of rapid eye movements

Answer 19

k-complexes

Question 20

Match the sleep-wakefulness stage with the described physiology (the same answer may apply to one or more questions)

a) Stage 1 sleep =
b) Other incorrect options: Beta EEG; onset of rapid eye movements; k-complexes

Answer 20

onset of slow rolling eye movements

Question 21

One can measure the build-up of sleep pressure across days of total sleep deprivation by:

a) Measuring electrical activity of SCN
b) Measuring slow-wave activity during short naps
c) Measuring melatonin levels in the blood
d) Measuring melatonin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid
e) Measuring slow wave activity in the waking EEG

Answer 21

Measuring electrical activity in the waking SCN

Question 22

When using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale for research purposes, a score of 7 or more is associated with which of the following?

a) High Beta EEG activity
b) Physiological signs of sleepiness
c) Lower buildup of sleep pressure during adolescence
d) Sleep latency induced by alcohol
e) Sleep onset REM

Answer 22

physiological signs of sleepiness

Question 23

In Sand Paper Birds, it has been observed that there is an extended period of time when sleep does not occur. When it this, and what is the benefit?

a) During early development; enhanced learning of songs
b) prior to migration; more energy stores
c) mating season; more offspring
d) during migration northward; shorter transit into new breedring grounds

Answer 23

mating season; more offspring

Question 24

When slow waves are seen in the cortex (ex. scalp electrode recording), depth electrode recordings in non-human animal studies, and in humans with epilepsy show which of the following

a) sleep spindsles
b) hippocampus beta activity
c) pruning of cortical synapses
d) coordinated unit silencing

Answer 24

coordinated unit silencing

Question 25

Physiological changes in adolescence include ALL of the following but

a) earlier DLMO time
b) later bedtimes
c) insufficient sleep during school week
d) reduced SWA

Answer 25

earlier DLMO time

Question 26

Caffeing can reduce homeostatic sleep drive

a) true
b) false

Answer 26

false- nothing can reduce homeostatic sleep drive except for sleep itself

Question 27

Which of the following is (are) NOT considered a circadian phase marker

a) max of SWA
b) cortisol peak
c) core body temp min.
d) more than one of these answers are correct
e) melatonin onset

Answer 27

max SWA - process S NOT process C

Question 28

The average intrinsic period of the circadian system in humans is closest to
a) 24.56 hours
b) 24.15 hours
c) 23.59 hours
d) 24.01 hours
e) 25.01 hours

Answer 28

24.15

Question 29

The following photoreceptor is involved in circadian photorecption

Answer 29

a) melatonin
b) SCN-opsin
c) RHT-opsin
d) PRC-opsin
e) melanopsin

Question 30

You are traveling to Boston and would like to begin to adapt your clock before your trip. What do. you do in three days before your trip

Answer 30

a) Exogenous melatonin in the morning
b) 2 of these answers are correct
c) No adaption is needed as the clock can immediately reset upon arrival
d)More light exposure in the morning - phase advance because travelling Eastward
e) More light exposure in the evening

Question 31

Considering the circadian phase shifting response and assuming that each zeitgeber (time cue) is equal in its strength, if you took melatonin in the morning and light in the evening, the following phase shift would likely occur

a) Phase delay
b) Phase advance
d) Complete inversion (i.e. 12-hour phase shift)
d) No phase shift, as they would cancel each other out

Answer 31

phase delay

Question 32

The intensity response curve of the phase shifting response to narrow bandwidth blue and green light exposure in adults demonstrates which of the following?

a) Blue is stronger at higher light intensities
b) Blue is stronger at lower light intensities
c) Blue is always stronger than green
d) Green is always stronger than blue

Answer 32

blue is stronger at higher light intensities

Question 33

Which of the following factors impact melatonin levels?

a) Ambient light levels
b) Amount of SWA - Process S, not Process C
c) Thalamus
d) SCN timing
e) Maturation of the circadian systeme.

Answer 33

a) ambient light levels
d) SCN timing
e) maturation of the circadian system

Question 34

A person with a shorter circadian period requried a daily _ to be entrained to the 24 hour day of Earth

a) delay
b) advance

Answer 34

delay

Question 35

What physiological sleep adaptation do dolphins show?

a) REM sleep without muscle atonia - wrong because dolphins have no REM
b) Ability to switch between bi-hemispheric and uni-hemispheric sleep - walruses!
c) No sleep inertia
d) Uni-hemispheric sleep
e) Rapid bi-hemispheric sleep cycles

Answer 35

uni-hemispheric sleep

Question 36

Animals that are born relatively immature will have more of which of the following sleep stages?

a) SCN
b) N2
c) PVN
d) REM
e) N3

Answer 36

REM - longer gestation period is associated with decreased REM. Immature species will have increased REM because they need to catch up with development

Question 37

It is 2 am, you are a nurse, and the physician on-call that you just spoke with told you incorrectly to give an antacid medication for a patient’s migraine. What is the most likely cause of the medication error?

a) Bad training at medical school
b) The dram (small glass) of scotch the physician drank after dinner before going to bed
c) Sleep inertia
d) Insufficient dissipation of homeostatic drive

Answer 37

sleep inertia

Question 38

esion of which brain structure will result in an arrhythmic rest-activity cycle?

a) Suprachiasmatic nucleus - “master clock”; circadian phase timer
b) Retinal ganglion cells
c) Thalamus
d) Paraventricular nucleusd.Retinal hypothalamic tract

Answer 38

Suprachiasmatic nucleus - “master clock”; circadian phase timer

Question 39

Your toddler keeps on getting out of bed after you put her to sleep. First, she wants a hug, then she wants a glass of water, and then she needs to go to the bathroom. This behavior is stressful, as you are trying to spend some quality time with your spouse. What may be a cause of such bedtime challenges?

a) The toddler is being put to bed before the DLMO
b) The toddler’s cortical synapses have begun to be pruned
c) The toddler has stopped taking naps too early
d) Toddlers generally have insufficient build-up of Process S
e) They are developmentally delayed and still exhibit the trace alternate EEG brain wave

Answer 39

The toddler is being put to bed before the DLMO

Question 40

The age of which humans have the highest homeostatic sleep drive occurs when?

a) as a toddler
b) high school (16 yrs)
c) first 3 months of light
d) middle school (12-13 years) puberty –> SWA peak around same time

Answer 40

middle school (12-13 years) puberty –> SWA peak around same time

Question 41

The DLMO is a representation of which of the following?Circadian period

a) circadian period
b) Circadian phase
c) Sleep homeostat
d) Interaction between Process S and Process C
e) Circadian phase angle - the time interval between two markers of rhythm (i.e. time between DLMO and sleep onset and DLMOff and wakefulness)

Answer 41

circadian phase - a marker like the DLMO used to detect time of circadian phase angles

Question 42

Weekend recovery sleep is an effective strategy to recover reaction times (lapses of attention) performance after a school week of insufficient sleep

a) true
b) false

Answer 42

false

Question 43

You are taking a road trip with friends and, based on your knowledge gained from sleep physiology class … answer the following question about driving safety … driving performance is negatively impacted by which of the following sleep and circadian related mechanisms? Select all that are true
a) Accident risk rises after ~10 hours awakea
b) Driving immediately after awakening from a nap
c) Driving in the early morning hours

Answer 43

A) Accident risk rises after ~10 hours awakea
b) Driving immediately after awakening from a nap
c) Driving in the early morning hours

Question 44

Which of the following are components of sleep health that have been shown to be altered in an unhealthy way during the COVID pandemic?

a) Sleep duration
b) Sleep regularity
c) Sleep inertia
d) Sleep timing

Answer 44

sleep timig

Question 45

In the 1800s, findings from historical studies indicated that total sleep deprivation…

a) Increases the amount of REM over NREM sleep during recovery sleep
b) Results in pathological levels of sleepiness on the MSLT
c) Decreases the amount of sleep spindles
d) Can kill an animald.
e) can induce narcolepsy

Answer 45

can kill an animal

Question 46

You are taking a road trip with friends and, based on your knowledge gained from sleep physiology class … answer the following question about driving safety … driving performance after ~25 hours of being awake is like which of the following?

a) Legal intoxication by alcohol
b) 16 year old with a new driving permit
c) Driving immediately after awakening from slow wave sleep (e.g. 60 minute naps)
d) Intoxication by marijuana

Answer 46

legal intoxication by alcohol

Question 47

k-complexes define which sleep state

Answer 47

stage N2