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psychology 1101 > Exam 1 - prologue, Appendix B, and Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - prologue, Appendix B, and Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Wundt and Titchener - school of thought using introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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2
Q

functionalism

A

promoted by James and influenced by Darwin - school of thought about how psychology helped us survive

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3
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that

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4
Q

humanistic psychology

A

historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

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5
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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6
Q

psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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7
Q

nature - nurture issue

A

Controversy over the relative contributions that genes and enviroment has on traits and behaviors

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8
Q

natural selection

A

The principle that whatever trait that is best set for survival will pass on to more genrations

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9
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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10
Q

begavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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11
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people

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12
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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13
Q

levels of analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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14
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social- cultural levels of analysis.

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15
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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16
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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17
Q

counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

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18
Q

clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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19
Q

psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

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20
Q

community psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people in- teract with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

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21
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving instead of rereading

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22
Q

SQ3R

A

study method - Survey question read retrieve review

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23
Q

What were some important milestones in psychology’s

early development?

A

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany. Two early schools were structuralism and functionalism.

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24
Q

theory

A

explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors

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25
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction

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26
Q

operational definition

A

statement of the procedures used in research experiment

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27
Q

replication

A

repitition of research study

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28
Q

case study

A

when person or group is studied in detail to reveal universal principals

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29
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching people and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations

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30
Q

population

A

those in group being studied

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31
Q

survey

A

way of obtaining self reported attitude or behaviors of particular group

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32
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population

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33
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the relation between two factors together

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34
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical number of the realationship -1 to 1

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35
Q

scatterplot

A

graph of individual results

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36
Q

regression towards mean

A

the tendency that creates a bell curve

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37
Q

experiment

A

a reaserch method with IV and DV done to observe behavior or mental process

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38
Q

experimental group

A

the group exposed to the treatment

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39
Q

control group

A

the group not exposes to the treatment

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40
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental or control randomly

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41
Q

double blund procedure

A

researchers are not aware of the assignments

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42
Q

placebo

A

experimental results because of speculation and thought alone no substance caused change

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43
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated facor in experiment

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44
Q

dependent variable

A

outcome measured in experiment becasue of IV

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45
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other than IV that would produce and effect

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46
Q

informed consent

A

giving participants enough information on the study allowing them to choose whether to participate

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47
Q

debriefing

A

post experimntal explanantion of a study - purpose and deceptions

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48
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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49
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)

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50
Q

critical thinking

A

thining that involves examening assumotions and values evidence to make conclusions

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51
Q

mode

A

most common number

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52
Q

mean

A

average

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53
Q

median

A

middle value

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54
Q

range

A

difference betyween highest and lowest numbers

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55
Q

standard deviation

A

measure of how much scores vary around average

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56
Q

normal curve

A

bell curve

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57
Q

statistical significance

A

statistical statement of how likley results occured by chance

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58
Q

lesion

A

tissue discruction

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59
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

brain wave recording - electrodes on scalp

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60
Q

PET

A

virutal brain display using radioactive glucose to see where glucose goes during task

61
Q

MRI

A

radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue - brain anatomy

62
Q

FMRI

A

technique revealing blood flow and brain activity to show function

63
Q

brainstem

A

oldest part and brain core

64
Q

medulla

A

base of brain stem - heartbeat and breathing

65
Q

thalamus

A

sensory control center - takes in sense messages are rediredts them

66
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network betweem brainstem and thalamus - arousal

67
Q

cerebellum

A

little brain - sensory input processing, coordinating movement, balance, nonverbal learning and memory

68
Q

limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus - emotions

69
Q

hippocampus

A

process explicit memories for storage

70
Q

amygdala

A

neural cluster - emotion

71
Q

hypothalamus

A

body maintenance activities (body temp, eating, drinking) governs endocrine system through pituitary gland - emotion and reward

72
Q

biological perspective

A

biology and behavior

73
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

74
Q

dendrites

A

bushy extensions of neuron - recieves information

75
Q

axon

A

neuron extension - passes information

76
Q

myelin

A

fatty layer of inulation on axon to speed up impulse

77
Q

glial cells

A

cells that replenish and nourish neurons

78
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse charge down axon

79
Q

refractory period

A

period of inactivity after neuron fired

80
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger impulse

81
Q

all of none response

A

impulse fires or doesnt

82
Q

synapse

A

area between axon and dendrite

83
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross synaptic cleft

84
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption of neurotransmitters

85
Q

endorphins

A

natural opiate neurotransmitter

86
Q

agonist

A

chemical that increase neurotransmitters action

87
Q

anatagonist

A

chemical that blocks neurotransmitters action

88
Q

nervous system

A

system of body nerve cells

89
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

90
Q

peripheral nervous syetem (PNS)

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect CNS to rest of body

91
Q

nerves

A

bunch of axons connected

92
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry sensory input to CNS

93
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from CNS

94
Q

interneurons

A

neurons wihtin the brain and spinal cord

95
Q

somatic nervous system

A

section of PNS - controls skeletal muscles

96
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

section of PNS - controls glandand muscles of internal organs

97
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

section of ANS - arouses body moving energy

98
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

section of ANS - calms body conserving energy

99
Q

reflex

A

simple respinse to stimulus

100
Q

endocrine system

A

slow chemical communication - glands

101
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that manufactured by endocrnie glands

102
Q

adrenal glands

A

secrete hormones - arouse body in times of stress

103
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates growth and control sother endocrine glands

104
Q

cerebral cortex

A

neurons covering cerebral hemispheres

105
Q

frontal lobes

A

behind forehead - speaking, judgement, muscle movement, making plans

106
Q

parietal lobes

A

top back of head - touch and body position

107
Q

occipital lobes

A

lower back of head - visual input

108
Q

temporal lobes

A

bottom brain - auditory areas

109
Q

motor cortex

A

back of frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement

110
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

fron tof parietal - processes body touch and movement sensations

111
Q

association areas

A

higher mental functioning areas - remembering, learning, thinking, speaking

112
Q

plasticity

A

brains ability to change and reorganizing

113
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

114
Q

corpus callosum

A

neural fibers connecting hemispheres

115
Q

split brain

A

condition from cutting corpus callosum

116
Q

conciousness

A

awarness of ourselves and our enviroment

117
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of the brain activity with cognition

118
Q

dual processing

A

principle that information is processed conciously and unconsciously

119
Q

blindsight

A

person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

120
Q

parallel processing

A

processing multiple aspects of a stimuli

121
Q

slective attention

A

focusing of awareness on one thing

122
Q

inattentional blindess

A

failing to see visual objects when focused on something else

123
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in enviroment

124
Q

sleep

A

periodic natural loss of consciousness

125
Q

circadium rhythm

A

body biological clock ( body temp, wakefullness)

126
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep stage - dreams occur

127
Q

alpha waves

A

slow brain waves - relaxed awake state

128
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences

129
Q

delta waves

A

large slow brain waves - deep sleep

130
Q

suprechiasmatic nucleus

A

cell cluster in hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm - response to light causing pineal gland to adjust melatonin production

131
Q

insomnia

A

problems falling or staying asleep

132
Q

narcolepsy

A

uncontrollable sleep attacks directly into REM sleep

133
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder of stopped breathing during sleep

134
Q

night terrors

A

high arousal and apperance of being terrified with no memory in morning - NREM -3

135
Q

dream

A

images when sleeping

136
Q

manifest content

A

freud theory - dream storyline is hidden desire

137
Q

latent content

A

underlying meaning of dream

138
Q

REM rebound

A

REM sleep increase following sleep deprivation

139
Q

psychoactive drug

A

chemical substance alters perceptions and moods

140
Q

tolerance

A

diminishing effect of drug after repeated use

141
Q

addiction

A

compulsive cravings of drugs

142
Q

withdrawl

A

discomfort when no drug

143
Q

depressants

A

drugs that reduce neural activity

144
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

alcoholism

145
Q

barbiturates

A

drugs that depress CNS activity - anxiety reducing

146
Q

opiates

A

opium - pain reliever

147
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that excuite neural activity

148
Q

amphetamines

A

stimular neural activity - sped up body functions

psychology 1101 (1 decks)

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