Exam 1 Prep Cards Flashcards

Question

Your patient comes in with an avulsed tooth that has been placed in a storage medium or has been drying out for less than 60 minutes. The tooth is believed to have a closed apex. What are the steps for management?

Answer 1

1. Clean the root surface and apical foramen with saline 2. Administer LA 3. Irrigate the socket with saline 4. Examine the socket 5. Replant the tooth slowly 6. Suture lacerations 7. Varify normal position with a radiograph 8. Apply splint for 1-2 weeks 9. Immidiatley or shortly after replatation, apply corticosteroid+antibacterial dressing (e.g. odontopaste) to the tooth for atr leats 2 weeks

Answer 2

The prognosis is poor 1. Remove necrotic tissue attached to the root using gauze 2. Treat the tooth with sodium fluoride for 20 minutes 3. LA administration 4. Irrigate the socket 5. Examine the socket for possible fracture and reposition 6. Performed root canal treatment prior or right after reimplantation 7. Stabilise with a passive splint for 2 weeks 8. Suture laceration 9, Verfiy normal position of the tooth

Answer 3

First of all, ensure that the aptient had their tetnus shots. Give doxycyclin to children aboe 8 years old for 7 day in doses less than 26 kg - 50mg 26-35 kg - 75mg 35kg+ 100mg If the child is less than 8 years old amoxicillin 500mg, 3 times a day for 7 days + CHx mouthrinse

Answer 4

1. leave the tooth in place 2. Clean area with saline 3. Suture gingival lacerations 4. Varify normal position of the replanted tooth radiographically 5. Apply flexible splint for 2 weeks

Answer 5

1. Clean the root and apical foramen with saline and do not touch the root 2. Soak the tooth in doxycycline (1mg per 20 ml of saline) for 5 minutes if possible 3. Administer local anesthesia 4. Irrigate the socket with saline 5. Examine for possible fractures and repositoon if necessary 6. Replant the tooth slowly with digital pressure 7. Verify with radiograph 8. Suture gingival lacerations 9. Apply flexible splint for 2 weeks

Answer 6

he prognosis is poor 1. Remove necrotic tissue attached to the root using gauze 2. Treat the tooth with sodium fluoride for 20 minutes 3. LA administration 4. Irrigate the socket 5. Examine the socket for possible fracture and reposition 6. Performed root canal treatment prior or right after reimplantation 7. Stabilise with a passive splint for 4 weeks 8. Suture laceration 9, Verfiy normal position of the tooth

Answer 7

After the delayed reimplantation, ankylosis is essentially unavoidable and needs to be considered

Answer 8

First 7-10 days - Root canal treatment & calcium hydroxide for upto 4 weeks Weight and height measurments 2 weeks - splint removal 4 weeks - radiographs 3 months -radiographs 6 months - radiographs 1 year - radiographs Yearly - radiographs upto 5 years and better beyond

Answer 9

First 7-10 days - Root canal treatment & calcium hydroxide for upto 4 weeks Weight and height measurments 2 weeks - splint removal 4 weeks - radiographs 3 months -radiographs 6 months - radiographs 1 year - radiographs Yearly - radiographs upto 5 years and better beyond

Answer 10

First 7-10 days - no root canal treamtnet unless clinical or radiographic signs of pulp necrosis are evidents 2-4 weeks - splint removal 4 weeks - radiographic examination

Answer 11

1. Internal surface resorption 2. Internal inflammatory resorption 3. Internal replacement resorption

Answer 12

It is a type of resorption that is defined as minor areas of resorption of the dentin walls of the root canal. It is believed to be transient and self-limiting.

Answer 13

It is a type of resorption defined as an inflammatory process within a section of the pulp/root canal that results in loss of dentin commencing at the root canal wall and progressing towards cementum. A radiographic oval shape appearance is very common This can be caused by traum or caries. Treatment: Root canal treatment with corticosteroid and antibiotic + calcium hydroxide after

Answer 14

Internal replacement resorption is a process where the pulp and dentin are replaced with bone. It usually begins within the pulp/root canal and on the root canal walls and it progresses towards the cementum. Clinical appearance may be normal or discolored. Usually as a result of insult to the pulp. Treatment: observation and eventual extraction. If diagnosed early, root canal treatment may be feasible.

Answer 15

1. External surface resorption 2. External inflammatory resorption (apical or lateral) 3. External replacement resorption (transient or progressive) 4. External Invasive Resorption 5. External Pressure Resorption 6. Orthodontic Resorption 7. Physiological Resorption 8. idiopathic Resorption

Answer 16

External surface resorption is a self-limiting process which is usually caused by a localized to the involved part of the cementum and/or PDL. Treatment: self-limiting so no treatment.

Answer 17

External inflammatory resorption occurs when the tooth has an infected root canal system and there has been damage to the external surface or communication between the pulp and external surface. Can occur at the apex or lateral surface of the root. Treatment: preventative approach: after external injury, utilise systemic antibiotics + corticosteroid based root canal treatment. Interceptive approach: when the resorption is already evident use corticosteroid based root canal treatment

Answer 18

External replacement resorption is the process where cementum and dentin are resorbed and replaced by bone. Aetiology: can occur after external injuries Treatments: lower the amount of time out of the socket after avulsion

Answer 19

It is a process that is not fully understood. It commences at the sub-gingival location and spreads through out the tooth in all directions. According to Prof Heithersay, it can be classified as Class I-IV using a PA. Class I-II are better treated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to the resorbing tissues followed by curettage of the defect and restored with glass ionomer cement. Result are usually quite good. Class III might need adjunt treatment such as root canal treatment. Class IV have undpredictable outcomes and patient need to be made aware of future issues and probable extraction

Answer 20

It is a resorptive process that occurs when there is pressure applied to the external surface of a tooth root. Can be caused by impacted teeth or pathologies such as cysts. Treatment: Removal of impacted tooth or removal of pathology or removal of resorbing tooth and extrusion of the impacted tooth with ortho

Answer 21

Orthodontic resorption is the process by which the apical part of one or more teeth undergo resorption, resulting in a shortened root. Treatment: when ortho stops, resorption stops. Monitor and treat when other conditions occur.

Answer 22

It is the physiological resorption is the resorptive process that primary teeth undergo as they exfoliate. It is normal. Treatment: monitoring exfoliation or extraction of primary teeth

Answer 23

It is resorption with no apparent causes. Typically it involves multiple teeht with shorter roots. Treatment: determining systemic causes through general health checks and after monitoring.

Answer 24

Transient apical breakdown (TAB) is a phenomenon that indicates temporary apical periodontal destruction and root resorption after tooth luxation injuries, followed by the healing process of the dental pulp. This is why in luxation injuries, root canal treatment is usually needed in mature teeth but not always. WATCH FOR SYMPTOMS.

Answer 25

Technically, because of the apical resorption, the teeth have an open apex thus can heal better. They are considered premature.

Answer 26

1. Assess the adjacent and avulsed teeth 2. Measure a section of fishing line to cover the future replantation site as well as the adjacent teeth 3. Touching only the coronal surface, remove the avulsed tooth and irrigate the tooth. Damp gauze and remove the remainder of the debris from the tooth. Reposition the tooth into the socket 4. Take a capsule of Fuji Ortho LC (material can be easily removed after curing) 5. Apply a small amount on the buccal surfaces of abutment teeth 6. Adapt the nylon fishing line over the buccal surface of the teeth 7. Adapt with moistened cotton pellet and create a ledge with a flat plastic. 8. Ensure the reimplanted tooth is positioned correctly 9. Repeat steps 5 onwards with the avulsed tooth When removing a splint - you can use a spoon excavator to remove the fuji ortho

Answer 27

Follow DRSABCD! Dangers? Responsive? Send for help Airway Breathing (normal?) CPR (30 compressions, 2 breaths) Defibrillator

Answer 28

1. Transportable oxygen tank 2. Plastic airways 3. Pulse oximeter 4. Adrenaline 5. Glyceryl Trinitrate spray 6. Salbutamol (or other short acting bronchodilators) 7. Aspirin 8. Blood pressure monitor 9. Glucose monitor and some glucose 10. Automated external defibrilator

Answer 29

It is a condition, characterised by transient erythematous lesions that very in size. Usually a good indicator that subsequent exposure will result in acute angiodema or event can occur together with angiodema and anaphylaxis.

Answer 30

1. Stop dental treatment 2. Remove or stop administration of the allergen 3. Recommend an oral antihistamine

Answer 31

1. Stop dental treatment 2. Remove or stop administration of the allergen 3. Refer to urgent medical attention

Answer 32

1. Labored breath 2. Swelling of tongue or throat 3. Hives 4. Loss of consciousness or dizziness

Answer 33

1. Stop dental treatment 2, Remove or stop administration of the allergen 3. Call 000 4. Give intramuscular injection of adrenaline into anterolateral thigh: For adults or children over 20 kg - 300 micrograms For 10-20 kg child: 150 micrograms 5. Start supplemental oxygen 6. Be prepared to start CPR 7. Repeat adrenaline every 5 minutes Follow up: update records and request a copy of medical report of the allergic reaction

Answer 34

Presyncope is a good indicator. Signs and symptoms are light-headedness, nausea, anxiety, sweating and tinnitus.

Answer 35

Vasovagal syncope - as a reaction to pain, anxiety and fear Orthostatic hypotension - reduction in venous return during standing up right, reducing MAP thus reducing oxygen perfusion to the brain

Answer 36

1. Stop dental treatment 2. If the patient is in the dental chair, tilt the chair back to a horizontal position. If not, ask them to lie down 3. Raise patient's legs 4. Measure patients heart rate 5. assess consciousness by talking to the patient

Answer 37

1. Stop dental treatment 2. Raise the patient's legs and try to achieve a position where the head is lower than the heart. If in chair, tilt the chair back to a horizontal position 3. Measure the patient's blood pressure and heart rate Consciousness usually return rapidly

Answer 38

1. Call 000 2. Start basic life support 3. Place the patient on their side 4. Continue treatment until the patient regains consciousness or assistance arrives

Answer 39

1. Stable angina 2. Acute coronary syndromes ( ST evelation myocardial infarction and non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome)

Answer 40

1. Crushing or heavy chest pain that may radiate to the arms, neck, back or jaw 2. Shortness of breath 3. Nausea 4. Sweating

Answer 41

Retrosternal chest discomfort that lasts 10 minutes or less that is commonly triggered by physical activity or stress.

Answer 42

1. Stop dental treatment 2. Measure blood pressure, heart rate and pulse oximetry 3. Assess consciousness 4. Sit the patient down (or up) and use GTN spray: a. GTN spray 400 micrograms sublingually, every 5 minutes upto 3 doses b. GTN tablet 300 to 600 micrograms sublingually, every 5 minutes upto 3 doses After 2 doses, administer 3 dose and treat as sever chest pain

Answer 43

1. Call 000 2. For patient with angina, follow the initial angina protocol 3. For all patient give: 300mg aspirin orally, chewed or dissolved prior to swallowing 4. Measure blood pressure, hear rate and pulse oximetry 5. Start supplemental oxygen if saturation is less than 90% and titatrate to around 90-96% 6. Provide assurances 7. If patient lsoes consciousness, start basic life support

Answer 44

1. Stop dental treatment 2. Call 000 3. Start basic life support, including CPR 4. Maintain treatment until the patient regains consciousness or assistance arrives

Answer 45

The textbook definition is blood glucose concentration below 4.0 mmo/L however, symptoms of hypoglycaemia may occur at a higher blood glucose concentration and can occur without symptoms and signs particularly in patient who have had diabetes for more than 10 years.

Answer 46

1. Inappropriate high doses of insulin or sulfonylureas 2. Forgotten or delayed meals 3. Insufficient carbohydrate intake 4. Rigorous or prologned exercise

Answer 47

1. Stop dental treatment 2. Give glucose if available: a. adult - 15g b. child 6 years or older (or more than 25 kilos) - 10g c. child 5 years or younger (or upto 25 kilos) - 5g (if glucose not available, give a fast acting glucose food or drink) 3. If after 15 minutes, glucose levels did not return to normal, repeat the dose 4. If after 3 or more portions the glucose does not come back to normal, seek medical advice 5. If the glucose levels have returned to normal, give patient a longer-acting carbohydrate and abserve the patient until they recovered. Do not allow them to drive home.

Answer 48

1. Stop treatment 2. Call 000 3. If the patient is unconscious, star basic life support

Answer 49

It ranges from restoration of a single tooth to rehabilitation of the entire occlusion. The main aims are: 1. Restore biological health 2. Restore function 3. Restore aesthetics

Answer 50

1. Direct - activated in mouth 2. Indirect - prepared in labs or milling machines (think outside mouth and cemented in)

Answer 51

1. Preservation of tooth structure - preserve remaining tooth structure 2. Retention and resistance form 3. Structural durability - enough thickness of the crown material so it doesn't fail - each material requires different thickness 4. Marginal integrity - utilise finish lnes - bevels, chamfers, shoulders - remember bad margin = caries, gingivitis and perio - to recreate the appropriate finish design - use the right bur! easy peasy (remember to just use half of the bur so you dont create undermined enamel) - burs come in different sizes, so the size of the bur will dictate the width of the finish line 5. Preservation of periodontium - dont fuck up the periodontium - put your margins supragingival ideally

Answer 52

1. Pulpal protection 2. Positional stability 3. Restoring function 4. Restoring esthetics 5. Maintain periodontium 6. Protect underlying tooth structure

Answer 53

It is a composite resin based material that produces no heat, is chemically cured and can create dimension stable crowns. Caution - please be careful when using on skin might be not a good idea

Answer 54

1. Take impression of tooth on study model or intra-orally before cutting preparation - use take one putty 2. Place 'Protemp4' in impression and seat on prepared tooth 3. Remove temp from tooth when resin has set to "rubbery" stage - remove with flat plastic 4. Trim with soflex disc 5. Assess the margins, polish and check contact 6. Check the crown on - cement the crown with temporary cement - preferably eugenol free temporary cement - most common is tempbond 7. Check occlusion but remember that the material might crack

Answer 55

1. Good recording of crown margins and adjacent cervical tooth/root surface 2. All surfaces and line angls of crown preparation 3. All retentive features 4. Adjacent teeth + 'emergence profile' which is the relationship of cervical tooth contrours and gingival tissues 5. Occlusal surfaces so can articulate upper and lower models 6. Edentulous ridge form for bridgework

Answer 56

1. Air bubles 2. Absence of voids 3. Abscence of drag lines 4. No contact between teeth and tray

Answer 57

1. Well defined and exposed crown margins 2. Gentle handling and retraction of marginal gingiva - use gingival retraction cord or electrosurgery 3. Remove all surface contaminants 4. Dry working field and moisture control

Answer 58

It sets via cross-linking which is better than condensation. It is the most common material use in light and heavy body. Advantages: Super stable, odor neutral, great tear strength and elastic recovery - amazing delivry system via a gun (automix) or machine (pentamix) Disadvantages: chemical reaction reacted with latex, locking into undercuts and open membranes and is expensive as shit

Answer 59

It sets via cross-linking and is an excellent material in terms of dimensional stability because it does not have a bi-product int eh reaction Advantages: amazing ccuracy and very good shelf life Disadvantages: VERY STIFF VERY VERY STIFF do not use if you have undercuts again VERY STIFF VERY VERY STIFF, shorter working time than PVS silicones and sometimes it gets stuck to oral mucosa

Answer 60

1. Stock trays that fit most of people - S, M, L sizes - pretty standard 2. Special position tray - it is custom made, expensive but it is super accurate 3. Triple tray - amazing tray but expensive - dual sided, take bite registration aswell - great for gagging patients

Answer 61

Dual Viscosity Technique 1. Ask DA to start loading heavy body 2. Remove secondary cord Discard 5 mm of light body on the tray, than inject around the margins of the tooth, entire tooth and adjacent teeth 3. Keep the tie below the surface to avoid air bubbles 4. Seat the tray 5. Allow to set for 5 minutes 6. Remove tray 7. Wash with water 8. Dry impression and assess 9. Send to the lab with instruction

Answer 62

1. Dowel (post) - core retention 2. Core - replacement of the lost coronal structure 3. Coronal - restoration itself

Answer 63

Function: 1. Give retention of the core 2. Distribute the stresses along the root 3. Use for obturation Classification: 1. According to material - metallic, combination and all non-metallic 2. According to attachment - 3 piece (all object separate), detached 3. According to method of construction - pre-fibricated or custom made

Answer 64

1. Post diameter - diameters should be just sufficient to resist bending but not too large to induce root fracture - wider is better for retention but too wide may result in fracture - recommendation if 1/3 of root diameter 2. Post length - RULES: 1. two thirds the length of the canal - good retention 2. half the length of the root supported by bone in case periodontally affected tooth 3. A minimum of 4-5 mm of GP should be left ' 3. Post material - withstand functional stresses and resists corrosion 4. Radio-opacity - needs to be clearly seen on radiographs 5. Bio-compatible 6. Retrievable 7. Can bond to tooth structure and dental materials 8. Consider crack factor 9. No interference with aesthetics

Answer 65

A post is required if there is insufficient sound coronal tooth structure remaining to provide stability and retention for the final restoration

Answer 66

1. High strength 2. Dimensional stability 3. Ease of manipulation 4. Short setting time 5. Ability to bond to both tooth and dowel

Answer 67

1. Direct - think composite resin cores 2. Indirect - cast metal for examples - mainly if you cant fit a pre-fabricated post

Answer 68

Even is you have build up a core - a certain amount of tooth structure needs to remain in order to provide adequate resistance in order to reduce 'splitting' of the root.

Answer 69

1. Loss of retention 2. Secondary caries 3. Root fracture 4. Post fracture 5. Post bending 6. Root resorption 7. Apical infection

Answer 70

1. Etch fitting surface with 5% hydrofluoric acid 2. Coat fitting surface with saline agent 3. Cement according to manufacturer's instructions

Answer 71

1. Preserve remaining tooth structure 2. Protect remaining tooth structure from fractures and bacterial ingress 3. Preserve apical seal 4. Optimise length and width of post

Answer 72

1. ParaPost system 2. RelyX

Answer 73

It is a barium glass in a BisGMA based matrix

Answer 74

1. Traumatic - fracture 2. Biological - caries 3. Mechanical - loss of retentuon 4. Aesthetic 5. Functional - poor occlusal contacts 6. Combinations

Answer 75

1. Isolate, etch with HFA 9% for 2.5m and apple silane primaer

Answer 76

Zinc oxide eugenol Zinc oxide non eugenol Resin

Answer 77

1. Mechanical – through interlocking with surface irregularities 2.Micromechanical – air abrasion or acid etching 3.Chemical bonding

Answer 78

Fuji Plus (capsule, conditioning is needed) FujiCem (hand mix form, prior dentine conditioning is needed)

Answer 79

RelyX Unicem 2 (dual cure, Self adhesive, capsule) - good but needs real dry field Nexus III (Dual and light cure, total etch, automix and try in gel is available) - good but needs the whole bonding system Panavia F 2.0 (dual cure, adhesive resin) - good but ed primer or alloy primer may cause the mucosa to go white and needs a special bonding system including different primers

Answer 80

* Check contact point with adjacent teeth * Check fitting surface (intaglio surface) * Check for excess temporary cement * Check the tooth has not moved * Check soft tissue and hard tissue defect

Answer 81

Fuji Plus or Fuji Cem

Answer 82

It is relative analgesia

Answer 83

1. Facilitate the provision of quality care 2. Minimise the extremes of disruptive behaviour 3. Decrease anxiety 4. Promote patient welbeing and safety 5. Return the patient to a psychological state in which safe discharge is possible

Answer 84

1. Anxious patient 2. Older children with poor dental experiences 3. Complex or long procedures 4. Child with special needs 5. Fear of needles 6. To aid analgesia 7. Increased gage reflex 8. AND MEDICALLY FIT ASA I AND ASA II

Answer 85

It is in the name, it is mandatory, you need to do it. For anyone under 18.

Answer 86

1. IF there is a reasonable belief that another person has reported abuse 2. IF the suspecion was due soley to being informed of the abuse by a police officer or child protection officer

Answer 87

1.Lower central incisors – 6-7 years 2.Upper First molar – 6-7 years 3.Lower First molar – 6-7 years 4.Upper Central Incisors – 7-8 years 5.Lower Lateral Incisors – 7-8 years 6.Upper Lateral Incisors – 8-9 years 7.Lower canine – 9-10 years old 8.Upper first premolar – 10-11 years 9.Lower first premolar – 10-12 years 10.Upper second premolar – 10-12 years 11.Upper cannines – 11-12 years old 12.Lower second molar – 11-13 years old 13.Upper second molar – 12-13 years old 14.All third molars 17-21 years old

Answer 88

1.Time efficiency – kids do not like to sit in the chair for too long 2.Behaviour management techniques: Modelling for the first visit, Tell-Show-Do to reduce anxiety, Voice control do not yell, Use of appropriate language to the kid like euphemism (sleep juice from a magic wand), monitoring the child for sense of control, distractions with triplex or wrigling the toes, positive reinfocement, systemic desensitazantion (a bit advanced and for older children because they realise that fear is irrational), behaviours shaping where you slowly shape the child behaviour from non-cooperative to cooperative with ability to retrace your steps 3.If the kids is dangerous, you can use aversie conditioning BUT NOT IN AUSTRALIA you can just do GA 4.Do not do the treatment if child does not cope with it, it is about quality treatment and overall positive treatment outcomes

Answer 89

1.Retrace your steps. The show componenet needs to be modified 2.Ask the child how they are feeling, if they are withdrawn they are probably just anxious 3.Maybe to give them a more sense of control, do it on your fingernail first 4.Then let a child hold a hand mirror next to your finger to give them a sense of control 5.After do it on their finger 6.And finally on their tooth 7.Praise the child for being brave 8.Promise a sticker if you can do it on al teeth – children love stickers

Answer 90

1.Patient age 2.Patienet behaviour 3.Treatment required 4.Medical condiitons 5.Distance travelled 6.Language barrier 7.Risk and benefits 8.Practitioner experience 9.Informed consent

Answer 91

4.4. mg/kg and one carpule has 44mg. So per every 10 kg you can have 1 carpule max. So for a 25 kg child you can have 2-3 carpule with some interspacing. Also remember about topical.0.1g has about 5 mg!

Answer 92

1.Soft tissue trauma 2.Overdose – CNS depression, seizures, decrease cardiac output and cardiovascular collapse

Answer 93

It is half of that of lignocaine, so if you use 3 carpules for ligno, use 1.5 for articaine.

Answer 94

Lower molar IANB with lignocaine 2%

Answer 95

Mutants streptococci are associated with early childhood caries. These mutants stretococci do not appear in the childrens mouth from birth, rather they are transmitted vertically (by parebnt via saliva) or horizontally (byu siblings or other kids via saliva). If a child does not have mutants streptococci before the age of 2, they will only develop caries in about 25% of the situations.

Answer 96

1.Follows the pattern of eruption – starts with lagial, gingival and lingual surfaces of maxillary incisors and spread to molars 2.Rapid progression – DO NOT OBSERVE MAY LEAD TO DISASTER

Answer 97

1.Pain 2.Sepsis 3.Space loss 4.Disruption to quality of life 5.Disruption of growth and development 6.Possible disruption of intellectual development 7.Hospitalisation 8.Greater risk of caries 9.Death

Answer 98

6-17 months – no fluoride 18 months – 6 years – childrens toothpaste (400-550ppm) 2x per day spit no rinse 6+ years – normal tooth paste 1000ppms x2 a day spit no rinse 6+ years + high risk of caries – 5000ppm tooth paste 2x times a day spit no rinse

Answer 99

Every 6 months for 4 minutes at 12300 ppm. Not recommended to less than 10 year old.

Answer 100

Stop if the kid says ouch, especially if they are cooperative and top up 1.Expansion of the bony socket to permit removal of its contained tooth. 2.Use elevators with utmost caution 3.Use three basic mations: wheel and axle (screwdriver), wedge and lever. Alvaolar bone is the fulcrum 4.Support jaw bone with your other hand 5.Use of level and fulcrum principle to force tooth or root out of socket along the path of least resistance 6.Always use the forceps as sungingivally as possible 7.Push buccaly for 3 seconds, then move to figure of 8 8.Repeate until the tooth is out

Answer 101

Up until reversible pulpitis as after, according to the continuum of Pulp Status, an extraction or a pulpectomy is recommended. Followign symptoms are bad: 1.Spontaneous pain kept awake at nigh 2.TTP 3.Abscess 4.Mobility 5.Facial swelling celulitis

Answer 102

1.Haemophilia 2.Von Willebrands disease 3.Platelet disorder 4.Congenital HEart disease 5.Immuno-compromised 6.Poor healing potenrial 7.Special need/disability 8.Behavioural factors 9.Stage of dental development is far from exfoliation and spece management is not of issue

Answer 103

1.Extent if 2/3 with initial symptoms, time to perform preventative pulpotomy 2.Position and proximity to pulpal horns 3.Presence and position of the permnent successor 4.Status of root 5.Furcation involvement in abscess

Answer 104

1.Irreversible pulpitis 2.Abcess, fistula or cellulitis 3.Uncontrolled pulpal haemorrhage 4.Pathologic resorption of root 5.Resorption of root of more than 1/3 6.Medical rerason like infecgtive endo carditis

Answer 105

1.Good local anaesthesia 2.Rubber dam 3.Remove caries and do oclcusal reduction 4.Access the pulp chamber and remove entire roof of pulp chamber 5.Remove pulpal tissue with a round bur 6.Achieve haemostasis with dry cotton pellet 7.Place ferric sulphate medicament over ratticular tissue 8.Condense IRM into chamber 9.Restore with GIC 10.Resotre with stainless steel crown – VERY IMPORTANT

Answer 106

Devitalisation of tissues – formocresol Preservation – ferric sulphate Regeneration – MTA

Answer 107

1.Abscen of pain, fistular, modility and radiographic pathology 2.No sensitivty or pain 3.No evidence of internal resoprtion 4.No breakdown of peri-radicular tissue 5.Recall in 6 months or in emergency

Answer 108

Session 1:First impression, history, examination, X-rays, consent and tretament plan debridment, improvement in OHI and diet, Prophylaxis and fissure sealants if possible. If too much suggest GA. Session 2: RA + Q1 Session 3: RA + Q2 Session 4: RA + Q3 Session 5: RA + Q4 3 months recall, more treatment if need

Answer 109

1.Elastik to expand the spce 2.Try a crown that just fit and do not go trhough the interproximal 3.Do not use oversize crowns as they can impact eruption 4.Cemenet with FUJI 5.Push hard when cementin or ask child to bite into place 6.Need to work quickly, if failed remove with large spoon excavator quickly 7.Crown will be high but will adjust over the next 30 days

Answer 110

1.On adjacent teeth at the same appoitment ie 64 and 65 2.If there is no distal of mesial space (hink elastics first) or it is lost due to caries 3.Opposing occluding teeth 4.If patient is un-cooperative, too young or 5.If there are no x-rays 6.Teeth that need pulpotomy 7.Caries above 1/3 into dentines

Answer 111

1. Hypoplasia – quantitative – deficiency in tooth substance due to ameloblast desruption 2. Hypomineralisation – qualitative – disturbance in the initial enamel calcification and/or maturation leading to lower mineral content

Answer 112

It is a qualitative enamel defects of systemic origin, affecting one to four first permanent molars and frequently associated with affected incisors

Answer 113

Ameloblast are exteremly sensetive to any systemic, local or genetic factors. But the insult intesity and timing are important. Usually: In primary dention, the insult occurs prenatally or before first eyar of life Permanent incisors and permanent first molar are more suscpetible in peri-natal and first 3 years of life – consitent with MIH Permanent canines and second molars around pre-school years Insults could be cause by: 1.Disease 2.Medications 3.Fluoride 4.Trauma

Answer 114

1.Describe the distinct border 2.Describe the type 3.Resulting enamel – smooth or soft and pourus 4.If there is any unprotected dentine 5.If there is any caries 6.Is there post-eruptive breakdown of the dental hard tissue 7.ALWAYS perform examination on wet teeth as drying teeth may result in pain

Answer 115

1.Reduce pain & sensitivity 2.Provide adequate restoration 3.Eliminate need for multiple repeat restorative procedures 4.Minimise dental anxiety and fear 5.Maintain occlusion and minimise cplexity of any furutre ortho treatment 6.Aesthetic rehabilitation

Answer 116

When the crown of the 7 is fully complete. But please try and push it until the entire dention is available for comprehensive orthodontic treatment.

Answer 117

1.Remineralisation 2.Fissure sealant

Answer 118

Composite resin restorations

Answer 119

1.Immediate treatment – desensitising 2.Intermediate treatment – SSC 3.Long-term treatment – extraction or complex restoration 4.Always consider extraction in young patient as it prevent need of life-long maintanance

Answer 120

Joining teeth by cementum. Usually occurs in second molar fused to third, impacted molar

Answer 121

Joining of teeth by dentine and or pulp

Answer 122

Budding of a second tooth from a single tooth germ

Answer 123

1.Fissure sealing 2.Surgical separation 3.Ortho, implants, autotransplants or prosthesis

Answer 124

They are cusp-like elevations of enamel located in central groove or lingual of premolars and molars. They are prone to fractures so early diagnosis is essential. Partial pulpotomy might be beneficial. Can occur in anterior teeth as "talon cusp", and it should be removed.

Answer 125

They are deep surface invaginations of inner enamel. Most common in lateral incisors. Needs fissure sealing and maintenance of clean fissures as they are at generally higher risk of pulpal necrosis and abscess.

Answer 126

1.Clinical exam – visual and flaking 2.Family history 3.Radiographic assessment 4.Scanning with electron microscope

Answer 127

Maxilla - between lateral incisors and canines Mandible - between the canines and first molars

Answer 128

First primary molar loss usually result in distal shift of canines and incisors. Early loss of second primary molar is more significant as ti will result in mesial rotation of the first permanent molar especially in the maxilla. This is greated if the second primary molar lost before the eruption of first permanent molar.

Answer 129

They are fixed or removable appliances used to preserve arch length following premature loss or elective extraction. Usually used to maintain space after loss of first or second primary molars.

Answer 130

It can be lab fabricated or chairside. Essentially fit a molar band distal to the tooth prior to extraction and take an impression for lab construction of the appliance with the band inside. Make the loop wide enough B-Li to allow for eruption of permanent premolar

Answer 131

SSC with a band and loop band

Answer 132

1. Reduce anxiety 2. Take good history 3. Thorough examination 4. Additional testing 5. Level of co-operation determination 6. Discussion with parents and patient 7. Management/referral 8. Follow-up

Answer 133

1. Promotes continued root development and maturation 2. Avoid difficult endodontics 3. Reduce the risk of root fracture

Answer 134

1.Lips – competence, colours, pigmentation of the skin, filtrum, skin pores, fine facial hair, vermillion border demarketion 2.Incisor display – how much of the teeth is shown 3.Tooth form and shade of teeth 4.Symmetry of the smile 5.Gingival condition 6.Opacity of incisal ridges

Answer 135

Opalascence – the ability of the body to look different in reflected or transmitted light Fluorescence – the ability of the body to emit light that is a wavelength less then incident radiation e.g. crime scene fluoresent lights Translucence – the ability of the body to appear to transmit light and reflect little of it back

Answer 136

Hue – base pigment – red, pink, green, blue and other Value – most important – quantity of light reflected – how bright is the object can be shown with black and white images Saturation – chroma – intensity or vividness – how much of base pigment is there within tooth structure

Answer 137

Vita classical – used commonly in many aspects of dentistry – does not sit in the tooth banana nicely thus covers it inconsistently, with some fall outside of the banana, really incosistent value Vita 3D Master Shade Guide – amazing for dentistry – sit nicely in the shade banana, amazing value when shown in black and white when going from 1-5 (5 is darkest thus lowest value) - Number 1 is value, Letter 1 is hue, Last number is chroma A3 and 3m2 is nearly the same colour. Infinitely compatible.

Answer 138

1.Select value by leaving only M hue in guide body natural light and TURN OFF YOUR LIGHTS AND GO TO THE WINDOW. Get close to the tooth. 2.Chroma is evaluated. How saturated are the teeth 3.Hue selection. Is the tooth more yellowish then middle? Is it more red??? Move from middle (M) to either R or L 4.Remember computer generator system allow you to match shade in between value ranges or chroma

Answer 139

You want it to run parallel to the lower lip.

Answer 140

It is the V shaped area between the incisors. It needs to be at 90 degrees to both of the teeth making up the incisal configuration

Answer 141

Black triangles are bad

Answer 142

Bioclear template that utilizes the Fibonacci gold sequence.

Answer 143

It is the line drawn at the terminus of the gingival margin at each incisors. Low gingival zenith in central and high in laterals will result in poor aesthetics. It central incisor and canine should coincide.

Answer 144

When we see more then 3mm of gingiva past the gingival margin in a person.

Answer 145

It is a negative space in the corners of the smile that is not filled by tooth structure. 15.-2.5 mm is ideal.

Answer 146

You can you putty or isolating material like PTFE tape and old, out of date composite just to get a nice 3D, functional structure. Do not bond as you need to remove it. Check with patient. Create a clear PVS bite reg material to register the prototype restoration so you can replace with permanent one – key guide.

Answer 147

4th generation ethc-prime-bond-composite.

Answer 148

1.Build up of palatal wall with dentine shade 2.Apply the needed maverick colours with use of bonding resin and stains. Separate the two and use with probe to dip into both and apply to the needed translucent halo area. 3.Layer with body shade 4.Layer the most superficial layer with enamel shade

Answer 149

For signs of erosion, attrition and abrasion. Parafunctional wear = poor longevity of a restoration. Patient will need a night guard.

Answer 150

A mouthguard is a protective device worn in the upper jaw and sometimes the lower jaw, to reduce injuries to the teeth, jaws and associated soft tissues.

Answer 151

1. Attenuate the stressed and absorb energy generated by impact to prevent or minimise injury to the region 2. Two main forces: direct impact to the jaw and jaw collisions 3. May retain fractured or loosened teeth 4. There is some scientific evidence to suggest they also prevent concussion

Answer 152

1. Stock outguards - preformed piece of plastic - worst fit and comfort = worst protection 2. Mouth-formed mouthguard - aka boil and bite - thing and poor fit = sub-par protection 3. Custom made - best fit and comfort = best protection 4. Bimaxillary moutguards - questionable all around

Answer 153

Ideally as soon as they start to participate in organised contact sports.

Answer 154

It help to reduce: 1. The risk of injury to the maxillary anterior 2. Damage to the posterior teeth of either jaw following traumatic closure of the mandible 3. Intraoral and perioral lacerations 4. Tongue damage on impact 5. Fracture of the mandibular body and condyles 6. Damage to the tmeporomandibular joint

Answer 155

1. Poor retention or previous poor experience 2. Intra-oral dryness 3. Nausea 4. Interference with breathing and sledging 5. Psychological factors 6. Cost 7. Requirement of dental appoitments

Answer 156

Labial aspect: 2-3 mm thickness Occlusal: 2mm thickness Palatal: 2mm thickness Labila flange: extend to within 2mm of the vestibular reflection Paltal flange: 10 mm beyond gingical margin Even contact in the dentition with minimal pressure on soft tissue

Answer 157

Clean before and after use and change regularly Rinse in cold water before and after use Toothrush can be used Store in secure container

Answer 158

It is a process of using oxidizing agents to remove stain or discolouration from teeth by denaturing large chromatic organic compounds.

Answer 159

1. Ageing 2. Plaque and calculus 3. Chromogenic bacteria 4. Tooth surface loss 5. Food and drinks 6. Smoking 7. Chx mouthrinses

Answer 160

1. At home bleacing using trays 2. In office bleacing 3. Others like whitening toothpaste

Answer 161

1. Take a good medical history 2. Take social and dental histories 3. Determine patient's chief complaint and expectations, obtain consent and inform them that composite and crowns do not bleach 4. Determine the cause of stain 5. Do comprehensive intra-oral exam, take x-rays and baseline photos 6. Can we do some preoperative treatment? ( Known as tooth lightening: Etch tooth for 30 seconds or 2 minutes with flurosis, use fine pumice for 20 seconds, repeat twice, apply tooth mouse immediately and apply every 4-6 weeks) 7. Bleacing protocl can commence 8. After bleacing, shall we replace any restorations

Answer 162

Caramide which is Urea mixed with hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide provide free-radical that oxidise larger molecules)

Answer 163

1. Children or people under 21 2. Pregnant women 3. Patients with unrealistic expectations 4. Defective restorations 5. History of teeth hypersensitivity and/or sever wear 6. Untreated caries or periodontal disease 7. Allergies to compounds

Answer 164

1. In banding or tetracycline-stained teeth 2, RCTed teeth 3. Single tooth sclerosis teeth 4. Teeht with congenital conditions such as dentinogenesis imperfecta

Answer 165

1. Pain and trauma 2. Accidental ingestions causing irritation to gastro or respiratory mucosa

Answer 166

1. Professional debridement 2. Alginate impressions 3. Construction of 0.8-1.2mm trays to the gingival margin with small holes for extrusion of bleach 4. Follow the manufacturer's guidlines on the bleaching gel application 5. Book a follow up appoitment

Answer 167

1. Surgery kit for light-activated external bleaching 2. Face protector 3. Sunscreen for facial tissues 4. Protective glasses for UV light 5. Light cure for setting protective agents around gingiva 6. Shade guide 7. Protective glasses 8. Light activator system

Answer 168

1. A comprehensive examination with taking of all histories, extra-intraoral examinations and relevant tests and radiographic images 2. Evaluation, proposing treatment to the patient, patient consent 3. Oral health instructions using TRIM framework 4. Sub/ supra gingival scaling 5. Prophylaxis 6. Diet evaluation 7. Use of extra products 8. Recall depending on patients needs COMMUNICATING WITH THE PATIENT IS KEY

Answer 169

Remember ePrescriptions are preferred 1. Patient's name, address and DOB 2. Name & address of practitioner, phone number, qualifications, AHPRA reg 3. Drug name – GENERIC 4. Drug form – e.g. tablets 5. Drug strength- e.g 15 mg 6. Drug quantity in pills (word, symbol e.g Ten,10) 7. Dose & frequency of administration 8. Duration of days 9. Instruction clearly 10. Write (For dental treatment only) 11. A line to signify no other prescriptions 12. Signature of prescriber 13. Date of prescription 14. Signature 15. PBS number for prescribers

Answer 170

1. Difflam Anti-Inflammatory Antiseptic Mouth gel containing benzydamine hydrochloride 1% 2-3 hours, for 7 days for no more then 12 times a day. Do not eat 15 minutes after 2. Chlorexedine and benzydamine mouthwash 3. Cepacaine oral solution - cetylpyridinium chloride, benzocaine and ethanol solution

Answer 171

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is a condition whereby there is an area of the exposed jaw bone that persists for more than 8 weeks in a patient on bisphosphonates or monoclonal antibodies targeting bone resorption and in some instaces other medications though less rare. The important aspect is the absence of cancer in the site and no history of radiotherapy to the head and neck region.

Answer 172

1. Anatomical 2. Smoking 3. Diabetes 4. Othe rmedications

Answer 173

Bisphosphonates are antiresorptive agents that inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, thereby helping to prevent pathological bone loss in conditions such as osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and metastatic bone disease. Structurally, bisphosphonates are analogues of pyrophosphate with a high affinity for hydroxyapatite in bone. They are preferentially incorporated into sites of active bone turnover. Once internalized by osteoclasts during bone resorption, bisphosphonates exert their effects via two main mechanisms: 1. Non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (e.g. etidronate, clodronate) are metabolized into cytotoxic ATP analogues within osteoclasts, leading to cellular apoptosis. 2. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (e.g. alendronate, zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) in the mevalonate pathway. This blocks prenylation of small GTPase signaling proteins (e.g. Ras, Rho, Rac), disrupting osteoclast cytoskeletal organization, vesicular trafficking, and survival, ultimately leading to apoptosis. By suppressing osteoclast function and survival, bisphosphonates reduce pathological bone resorption and promote skeletal stability.

Answer 174

They work similarly to oral bisphosphonates but are more potent and thus are prescribed to people who show no progress towards improvement of their bone condition.

Answer 175

Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds the cytokine RANKL thus de-activating it. RANKL inhibition blocks osteoclast maturation, function and survival, thus reducing bone resorption. Unlike oral or IV bisphosphonates, Denosumab does not bind to bone minerals.

Answer 176

Romosozumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets endogenous cytokine that inhibits bone formation and stimulates bone resorption. By blocking, romosozumab has a "dual effect" of increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption.

Answer 177

1. Inform the patient about risk of MRONJ and obtain consent 2. See advice on drug holidays and scheduling of procedures 3. Do not use antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce the risk of MRONJ. If an active infection occurs - it should be treated with antibiotics. 4. Ensure optimal oral hygiene before and after the procedure 5. Reduce the plaque load with mechanical debridement and pre- and post-procedural CHx mouthwash 6. Minimise trauma and periosteum stripping 7. Monitor the oral wound until it heals 8. Do not debride nonhealing wounds 9. Refer to a specialist if the bone is still visible at 8 weeks post-op

Answer 178

1. Oral and IV bisphosphonates - although stopping bisphosphonates for a short period is unlikely to cause harm in a patient at low risk of fracture, there is no evidence that this approach reduces the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. 2. Denosumab is a reversible antiresorptive administered every 6 months for osteoporosis. If it is possible to delay a bone-invasive dental procedure in a patient taking denosumab for osteoporosis, ideally schedule the procedure just before the next dose of denosumab. It is never appropriate to interrupt or delay the dose of denosumab; withdrawal of denosumab has been associated with an increased risk of spontaneous vertebral fractures. 3. Remosozunab should not be discontinued

Answer 179

Osteo-radio necrosis is an exposed irradiated bone that fails to heal over three months in the absence of residual or recurrent tumour.

Answer 180

Clinical: 1. Small areas of exposed bone 2. Orocutaneous fistula, pathologic fracture secondary to devitalised/necrotic bone Radiographic: 1. Osteolytic mandibular lesion 2. Sequestreum 3. Pahologic fracture

Answer 181

1. Hypovascularity 2. Hypocellularity 3. Hypoxia

Answer 182

Hyperbaric oxygen: 1. Stimulates angiogenesis 2. Corrects hypoxia 3. Allow for cellular proliferation

Answer 183

1. Patient receives 30 sessions of HBO at 2.4 ATA for 90 minutes. Patients who respond are Stage 1 and undergo 10 sessions to continue healing 2. Patients who have not improved in 30 sessions receive transoral debridement with primary wound closure 3. Stage I or II nonresponders or those patients who present with pathologic fracture, cutaneous fistula, or osteolysis involving inferior border of the mandible. Patients undergo segmental resection, stabilization of segments, and 10 postsurgical HBO sessions followed by delayed reconstruction.

Answer 184

1. Oral pain 2. Mucositis 3. Reduced salivary flow 4. Oral infection 5. Trismus 6. Altered taste

Answer 185

MRONJ - soft tissues are not affected, effects the entire bone, resection with soft tissue replacement or free vascularised flap ORN - soft and hard tissue affected, non-surgical management possible, resection of radiated bone can effect cure, often need to replace blood supply and tissues both soft and hard.

Answer 186

150,000-350,000

Answer 187

1. Patients with DVT and pulmonary emboli 2. Patient with artificial heart valves 3. Patient with congenital thrombophilia 4. Patients with atrial fibrilation 5. Patients with drug eluting coronary artery stents 6. Patient with hypercoagulation

Answer 188

1. Gauze pressure 2. Gelatin sponges 3. Absorbable oxycellulos (Surgicell) 4. Collagen 5. Bone wax 6. Suturing 7. Activated toppical human thrombin 8. Fibrin glue 9. Rinse with tranexamic acid hold 10 mL in mouth for 2.5 minutes preop

Answer 189

CHA2DS2VASc score. This stands for: C - Congestive heart failure y=1 H - Hypertension y=1 A2 - Age 75 or more y=2 D - Diabetes mellitus y=1 S2 Stroke y=2 V - vascular disease y=1 A - Age 65-74 y=1 Sc - Sex Female y=1 Maximum score is 9

Answer 190

HAS-BLED: Hypertention Abnormal liver/renal function Stroke history Bleeding predisposition Labile INR Elderly more than 65 Drug/alcohol usage

Answer 191

WRITTEN POSTOPERATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

Answer 192

Clotting Cascade: Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing activation of factors II, VII, IX, X (extrinsic and common pathways). This impairs thrombin formation and fibrin clot stability. Onset is slow (36–72 hrs), and INR monitoring is required. NOACs act directly on active clotting factors: Dabigatran: inhibits thrombin (IIa) Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Edoxaban: inhibit factor Xa NOACs have rapid onset, predictable effects, and do not require monitoring. Oral Implications – Tranexamic Acid Post-Extraction: Tranexamic acid inhibits plasminogen activation, preserving fibrin clots locally. Warfarin patients (INR ≤3.5): continue therapy; apply tranexamic acid mouthwash (4.8%) QID for 2–5 days, or soaked gauze to reduce bleeding. NOAC patients: time extraction ≥12–24 hrs after last dose; resume NOAC 24–48 hrs post-op. Use tranexamic acid similarly to aid haemostasis.

Answer 193

1. Masticatory muscle disorders (75% of all TMD) 2. Hypertranslation (less than 10%) 3. Synovitis (15%) 4. Internal derangement (15%)

Answer 194

2 minute exam: 1. Lateral pole terderness 2. Limitations of opening 3. Clicking 4. Jaw muscle pain 5. Active facets If any of these two are positive findings, please schedule a thorough examination.

Answer 195

This is necrotising gingivitis. It is usualy caused by a presence of an opportunistic bacteria and an underlying stress factor. Clinical features: necrosis of the papilla, sudden onset, ulcer covered by greyish pseudomembrane from surrounding mucosa Treatment: 1. OHI 2. Debridement 3. CHx 4. Metronidozole 400mg 6 hourly for 5-7 days

Answer 196

1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol 3. Betel-quid (tobaco in a different form) - bucal sulcus 4. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 5. Ultraviolet radiation

Answer 197

RULE acronym: 1. Red/white 2.Ulcer 3.Lump Exceeding 3 weeks in duration

Answer 198

1. Oral mucositis is common 2. Salivary glands impairment 3. Increase the rate infections and decreased rate of healing due to supressed immunity

Answer 199

1. Prevention of oral infections 2. Maintenance of oral hygiene - basic oral care 3. Supportive treatment

Answer 200

1. Primary prevention - reducing the risk factors - tobacco control, healthy eating, reduced exposure to sunlight, inherited risks 2. Secondary prevention - early detection

Answer 201

1. Apthous ulcers 2. Herpex simplex lesions 3. Trauma associated lesions 4. Migratory glossitis 5. Candidiasis infection lesions

Answer 202

It is a process where multiple granulomas can be seen in the oral cavity. Associated with: Crohn's disease Leprosie TB

Answer 203

1. Leukodema 2. Leukoplakia 3. Lichen Planus 4. Frictional keratosis 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 204

1. Pyogenic granuloma 2. Haemangioma 3. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma 4. Erythroplakia 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 205

1. Oral melanotic macule 2. Mucosal melanocytic naevus 3. Amalgam tattoo 4. Malignant melanoma 5. Smokers melanosis

Answer 206

1. Haemangioma 2.Fibroepithelial polyp 3. Pyogenic granuloma 4. Peripheral giant cell granuloma 5. Calcifying fibroblastic granuloma

Answer 207

1. Herpetiform ampthous ulcer 2. Mild amthous ulcer 3. Major ampthous ulcer 4. Traumatic acute ulcer 5. Traumatic chronic ulcer

Answer 208

Squamous papilloma. An asymptomatic, solitary lesion that is associated with cauliflower like apperance

Answer 209

Exaggerated growth of usually parakeratinsed benign squamous epithelium. Finger-like projections of epithelium with central cres of fibrovascular tissue

Answer 210

Sometimes HPV can playe a role in oropharyngeal carcinoma - which is a basaloid subtype of squamous cell carcinoma.

Answer 211

Genital warts in the mouth or Oral Condyloma Accuminatum. It is an infections lesion that can cause transmission through direct contact. It presents as a broad based pink nodule that grows and coalesce (come as one)

Answer 212

1. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2. Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 213

Large ulceration, swelling, pain, paraesthesia and losse teeth Aetiology is unknowns

Answer 214

They have a defused appearance

Answer 215

1.Movement artifact – shown as multiple lines– patient need to be very still 2.No soft tissue resolution – use convetional CT

Answer 216

75 uSv (microSieverts)

Answer 217

MDCT – multi detector computer tomography – 200 microSieverts

Answer 218

Yes because: 1.It provides a provider number to allow Medicare rebates 2.Review of all areas of the scan 3.Removes much of the legal responsibility

Answer 219

Dentists who record OPG radiographs must take responsibility for all non-dental diagnosis from such images or alternatively have them assessed on referral by an oral radiologist or medical radiologist and include this cost in their estimate of fees to the patient.

Answer 220

1.Deterministic – result of cell killing 2.Stochastic – result from cell modification

Answer 221

Don't Order Tests that Don't Affect Management

Answer 222

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Answer 223

Small field and whole jaw

Answer 224

1.Beam hardening – streaks arising from very dense objects 2.Scatter – soft streaking 3.Motion – blurry or double vision 4.Poor machine care – multiple artifacts 5.Faulty detector – rind around the jaw

Answer 225

White is dense and black is low density

Answer 226

1.From down to up 2.From outside to inside 3.From Left to right

Answer 227

1.Dense bone Islands 2.Torus 3.Osteomas 4.Degenerative Joint Disease 5.Chondrocalcinosis 6.Synovial osteochondromatosis 7.TMJ Dysfunction 8.Sinus pathology 9.Nasal septum pathology – including different sinusitis, and mucucoel 10.Nasal cycles

Answer 228

1.If above the mandibular canal – possibly dental origin because only non-dental related pathology occurs bellow the mandibular canal 2.Non-dental lesions are move common in tooth bearing areas

Answer 229

1.Location 2.Margin – well-defined or illdefined 3.Zone of transition – short or long 4.Periosteal reaction 5.Internal matrix 6.Single vs multiple 7.Relationships to the joints 8.Effect on soft tissue

Answer 230

1.Well-defined margin 2.Often schlerotic border 3.Short zone of transition 4.Little or no periosteal reaction 5.Bone often thinned and/or expanded 6.Minimal effect on soft tissues

Answer 231

1.Poorly-defined margin 2.Long zone of transition 3.Periosteal reaction may be extensive 4.Bone often destroyed 5.Permeative appearance 6.Soft tissue involvement is common

Answer 232

Lesion consists of a lucent centre and a thin, well-defined sclerotic rim. Cortical bone destruction may occur if cyst becomes too big.

Answer 233

Lesion uniformly lucent with a thin, well-defined sclerotic rim attached to the cemento-enamel junction.

Answer 234

Odontogenic keratocyst is a well-defined sclerotic which causes less jaw expansion and grows along the jaw bone.

Answer 235

Has aggressive growth characteristics. Typically well-defined and radiolucent. Cause root resorption, tooth displacement and bone expansion. Floating tooth appearance.

Answer 236

Anterior mandible, well defined with corticaed border. Tooth displacement is common, root resorption is uncommon.

Answer 237

Mandible, fibrous capsule gives a thin raiolucent halo. Rapid expansion and tooth displacement. May contain abnormal bone and cementum like tissue.

Answer 238

Slow growing lesion full of cementum like tissue. Attached to root apex. Well-defined with cortical border.

Answer 239

Anterior to first molar. Slow growing with well-defined margin. Some cortical expansion can occur.

Answer 240

A defined radiolucency that occurs in the palate

Answer 241

It is a salivary inclusion cyst. A well-defined oval lucencies anterior to angle of mandible.

Answer 242

Solitary lesion, well-defined bu non-corticated with irregular margins. DESTROYS BONE AND LEAVES THE FLOATING TOOTH APPEARANCE. Periosteal new bone formation is common.

Answer 243

At apex bone is replaced with fibrous material. Lesion persistent after extraction.

Answer 244

Smoking adults. Ill-defined, permeative lesion. Spread localy and lymph nodes. Destroys bone.

Answer 245

Well-defined border in posterior body or angle of mandible.

Answer 246

Posterior mandible. Painless swelling. Ill-defined borderd\s. "Sun-ray" spiculation appearance. Breaks bone.

Answer 247

Usually from renal, breast, lung, colon and prostate. Affect posterior mandible. Ill-defined, lytic lesions with clear bone destruction.

Answer 248

PAIn _ subtle changes in bone density. Bone destruction with sequestration formation.

Answer 249

Pains, swelling and draining sinuses. Bone destruction. Periosteal reaction is common.

Answer 250

1.Darkening of the roots 2.Interruption of the white line 3.Diversion of the mandibular canal 4.Deflection of the roots 5.Narrowing of the roots 6.Dark and bifid roots 7.Narrowing of mandibular canal

Answer 251

Genetic disorder resultin in replacing of bone with fibrous tissue. Ill-defined margin and grounnd-glass appearance. Only condition that can displace the mandibular canal superiorly.

Answer 252

7-10 mm of crestal bone need to be available to withstand stresses.

Answer 253

When teeth are lost, the ridge is lost. Furthermore, maxillary sinuses into remaining alveolar bone. Disuse atrophy occurs even if well-fitting dentures are used.

Answer 254

1.Mandibular canal 2.Mental foramen 3.Anterior loop of mandibular canal 4.Incisive branch of IAN 5.Lingual canal in the midline

Answer 255

1.Pariapical films are adequate. Less than 0.2mm bone loss annually is normal 2.Mobility assessment

Answer 256

It is an optical illusion. Form of edge enhancement which facilitates the detection of the edges of an object. Basically, the edges between light and dark appear darker. SO NO PATHOLOGY.

Answer 257

Always check for nerve injury and boney plate perforations.

Answer 258

1. Gingivectomy – removal of pocket epithelium, connective tissue and mucosal epithelium 2. Modified Widman flap – removal of pocket epithelium and connective tissue +/- osseous, leacing behind mucosal epithelium

Answer 259

Always use membrane in GBR. Non-resorbable reinforced or non-reinforced. Resorbable. Non-resorbable membrane require additional bone cover or extra material unlike reinforce

Answer 260

Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure performed to expose a greater height of tooth structure in order to properly restore tooth proshtetically.

Answer 261

Class I – recession that does not extend to the mucogingival junction with no periodontal bone loss Class II – recession that extends to or beyond mucogingival junction with no bone loss Class III - recession that extend to or beyond mucogingival junction with loss of bone in the interdental area. Not good prognosis Class IV - recession that extend to or beyond mucogingival junction with loss of bone in the interdental area with exposure of interproximal root surface. Very unpredictable prognosis.

Answer 262

Sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (very good results with this technique) Free gingival graft (unaesthetic as it creates white patches) taken from the palate Advanced flap: Coronally repositioned flap Rotational flap: Lateral sliding flap (creates recession in another tooth)

Answer 263

1. History taking 2. Visual examination 3. Pulp sensibility testing in form of electrical pulp testing and other teeth 4. Percussion testing 5. Periodontal probing 6. Palpation 7. Crack detection 8. Radiograph

Answer 264

1. Gingival connective tissue growth resulting in root resoprtion. This is not ideal. 2. Epithelium growth and formation of long junctional epithelium. This occurs in closed and open debridment 3. Alveolar bone prolifiration resulting in ankylosis. This is not ideal. 4. PDL and bone regeneration resulting in strong tisseu attachement - this is the goal of GBR

Answer 265

1. Defect size and topography. 3 wall defects are the most stable for regeneration. 2. Defect cause 3. Technical difficulties. Access or patient factors. 4. Predictability. Always tell the patient the success rate. Grade 3 mobility, probably not the best idea.

Answer 266

1. Hand hygiene, as consistent with 5 moments for hand hygiene 2. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment 3. Safe use and disposal of sharps 4. Routine environmental cleaning 5. Reprocessing of reusable medical equipment and instruments 6. Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette 7. Aseptic technique – standard or surgical technique 8. Waste management 9. Appropriate handling of linen

Answer 267

Class 6 – measuring time, steam and temperature. Class 1 – not great because it only shows temperature. Class 4 – used in SAD

Answer 268

nAustralia, Special Needs Dentistry (SND) is a specialized field of dentistry focused on providing oral healthcare to individuals with physical, medical, developmental, or cognitive conditions that make it difficult for them to receive standard dental care. These individuals may include: 1. People with disabilities (e.g., intellectual disabilities, physical disabilities). 2. Medically compromised patients (e.g., those with cancer, heart conditions, diabetes). 3. Older adults who may have age-related health issues like dementia, Parkinson's disease, or frailty. 4. Patients with mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, schizophrenia). 5. Individuals with complex social or psychological circumstances that affect their ability to access or undergo routine dental care. The goal of Special Needs Dentistry is to provide appropriate dental care that considers the individual's unique health challenges and may involve specialized techniques, equipment, and environments. This might include working closely with a multidisciplinary healthcare team to manage underlying health conditions and ensure that dental treatments are safe and effective. Australia recognizes Special Needs Dentistry as a registered specialty. Dentists who specialize in this field undergo additional training and certification to address the specific needs of these populations. They often work in hospitals, community clinics, or private practices that are equipped to handle complex cases, providing tailored care plans that address both oral health and broader health concerns.

Answer 269

1. Patient themselves 2. Advance care directive - 'Substitute Decision maker' - a person who can reflect the decision that the person would have made in the circumstances if they had the capacity to consent 3. A guardian 4. A spouse or domestic partner 5. Adult related by blood 6. Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander kinship/marriage 7. An Adult Friend 8. An Adult Charged with overseeing the day-to-day care of the person 9. The SA Civil Administrative Tribunal upon application as last resort to appoint a Public Advocate

Answer 270

1. Wishes, instruction and preferences for future health care, residential, accommodation and/or personal matters 2. outcomes or intervention a person wishes to avoid 3.'binding provisions' or refusal of health care 4. Appoint one or more Substitute Decision-Makers

Answer 271

The following factors were considered: 1. Increasing life expectancy for people with disabilities and chronic disease 2. Increasing disability or chronic disease progression into middle and older age 3. Increasing size of ageing population, with increased functional dependence 4. Increasing cancer survival 5. increasing complexity of medical treatment provided and medication prescribed 6. Increasing population expectation to retain teeth 7. De-instutionalisation of people who are intellectually and or physically impaired

Answer 272

1. We identify all the barries 2. We adress barries we can adress throuh legislative changes, chaning our environemnt, trainign progress, population approaches and public funding

Answer 273

1. Appropriate eye contact 2. Questioning and summarising 3. opena dn relaxed language 4. Nodding or shaking the head 5. Some silence 6. Checking for understanding 7. Smiling or serious facial expression 8. Encouraging to continue

Answer 274

1. Anticoagulants - warfarin 2. Antiplatelet - clopidogrel 3. Target-specific oral anticoagulatns - apixaban

Answer 275

If using warfarin: <2.0 - use local measures AND NOTIFY GP BECAUSE IT IS IN THE SUB-THERAPEUTIC RANGE 2.0-3.5 - use local measures >3.5 - NO SURGERIES TO PERFORM UNTIL INR DROPS - INFORM GP IMMEDIATLEY

Answer 276

2 hours after 75 grams should be below 11 mmol/L

Answer 277

1. Mild - has basic maths, reading and writtign skills on 3-6 grade level 2. Moderate - rrquries some oversight 3. Severe - can learn skills but can not read and write . Requires daily supervision 4. Profound - requires intensive support

Answer 278

1. No dependency - fit, robust adults that exercise regularly 2. Pre-dependency - chronic systemic conditions - treatment plan as normal 3. Low dependency (functionally independent) - some cronic conditions that are affecting oral health - modified treatment planning with for example tooth brushes that are electric 4. Medium dependency (frail elderly) - identified chronic conditions that currently impact on oral health. These patients deman treatment at home or do not have transport to a dental clinic - more invasive prevention might be needed like high fluoride tooth paste 5. High dependency (functionally dependent) - people have complex medical problems preventing them from receiving oral health care at dental clinics. They must be seen at home - emphasisze management of pain and infection

Answer 279

1. Pre-dependency - consider the long-term viability of restorations and prostheses. Plan treatment outcomes for easy maintenance 2. Low dependecy - focus on repair and replacement of strategically important teeth and plan for ongoing maintenance 3. Medium dependency - repair or replace strategically important teeth with conservative treatments like the atraumatic restorative technique (GIC+use of hand instruments for removal of caries) and oral prosthesis to simplify oral hygiene 4. High dependency - offer palliative treatment

Answer 280

Serous - produced by the parotid gland and a bit by submandibular of protein rich watery fluid. Mucous - produced by the sublingual and minor salivary glands. It is important for lubrication

Answer 281

1. Arginine - Colgate Pro-Relief - immediate closure of dentinal tubules 2. Potassium nitrate - Sensodyne daily care - takes 2-4 weeks and works for erosion 3. Strontium chloride - Sensodyne rapid Relief - immidiate closure of dentinal tubules 4. Novamin - Sensodyne Complete Care - forms artifical enamel when appliead

Answer 282

1. Heavy metal allergy 2. Pregnancy or breastfeeding 3. Lesions close to the pulp/possible pulpal involvement 4. Signs or symptoms of periapical pathology 5. Ulceration, mucositis or stomatitis 6. Restoratio of permanenet anterior teeth

Answer 283

1. Muscle tightness 2. Sweating 3. Stiff posture 4. holding things tightly 5. other

Answer 284

First 7-10 days - no root canal treamtnet unless clinical or radiographic signs of pulp necrosis are evidents 2-4 weeks - splint removal 4 weeks - radiographic examination

Answer 285

1. Describe saddles 2. Describe support and draw rests, major connector or plate 3. SPecify abutment tooth/teeth 4. Specify clasps 5. Speicy flanges - gum fitted vs buccal flange 6. Specify the extension 7. Fill lab form and draw design

Answer 286

Flat filtrum Hollowing of the cheeks Collapsed appearance of the jaws The distance between the tip of the nose and tip of the chin reduced Increased naso-labial grooves Increased marionette lines

Answer 287

Type of edentulousness Edentulousness Location Tissue or tooth support Associate issues Example: Bilateral edentulous maxillary arch with localised periodontitis and unilateral edentulous mandibular arch with large mandibular tori

Answer 288

OVD of the denture is lackin, new OVD needs to be calculated: 1. denture may need to be redone with wax calculation 2. Denture may need to be relined 3. Consider a trial denture at new OVD 4. Immidiate, soft reline might be beneficial in shoprt term

Answer 289

Th sound like D

Answer 290

D sound like th

Answer 291

Benefits: aesthetics, preservation of OVD Limitations: Unpredictable, painful, number of appointment and cost

Answer 292

Consult pateitn, primary impressions Stabilisation fo conditions Scondayr impressions Bite registration Trial denture Extraction and insert Reviews (24 hours, one week, one month. 6 months) Reline (temporary at 4 weeks, 3months with Coe Soft (751/752) and permanent at 6 months (must book with lab))

Answer 293

Broken/cracked denture base Broken/lost clasp Chipped/broken/debonded denture tooth/teeth Broken rest

Answer 294

1.From down to up 2.From outside to inside 3.From Left to right

Answer 295

1.Select value by leaving only M hue in guide body natural light and TURN OFF YOUR LIGHTS AND GO TO THE WINDOW. Get close to the tooth. 2.Chroma is evaluated. How saturated are the teeth 3.Hue selection. Is the tooth more yellowish then middle? Is it more red??? Move from middle (M) to either R or L 4.Remember computer generator system allow you to match shade in between value ranges or chroma

Answer 296

1. Stop treatment 2. Oximeter is placed straight away moderate is above 94%, sever 90-94%, life threatening below 90% 3. f mild – give 4 puffs of salbutamor via spacer 1 puff at a time with patietbreathing in 4 times 4. Wait 4 minutes, if not imrpoving treat as sever or lifethretening 5. Call 000 6. Maximum of 12 puffs but if it is bad even after just keep giving salbutamo with 4 breaths in between before ambulance arrives

Answer 297

1. What did patient react to? 2. What was the type of rection? Is it really sever, did it limit their function or made them die? Did it have it for mono, that one can create a fake reaction to antibiotic 3. How long after start of treatment did it occur eg after a few hours or many days? 4. How long ago was the reaction? 5. How was it treated? 6. Have they had similar antibiotics since?

Answer 298

1. Any previous respiratory disressm, swelling of mouth or throat 2. Any history of diffuse rash which comes immediately after starting treatment 3. Diffuse or localised rash which is delayed but occurred less than 10 yearsago Re-exposure may cause anaphylaxis, so non-beta lactam

Answer 299

1. Provide a source of additional gas should the patient inspire more gas than is being supplied ◦ 2. Provides a mechanism for monitoring the patient’s respiration (watch the expansion and contraction of the bag) and for adjusting the flow (not too stretched or collapsed) 3. Functions in an emergency as a method of providing positive pressure oxygen

Answer 300

Stop if the kid says ouch, especially if they are cooperative and top up 1.Expansion of the bony socket to permit removal of its contained tooth. 2.Use elevators with utmost caution 3.Use three basic mations: wheel and axle (screwdriver), wedge and lever. Alvaolar bone is the fulcrum 4.Support jaw bone with your other hand 5.Use of level and fulcrum principle to force tooth or root out of socket along the path of least resistance 6.Always use the forceps as sungingivally as possible 7.Push buccaly for 3 seconds, then move to figure of 8 8.Repeate until the tooth is out

Answer 301

Hypomiralisaed second primary molars is a condition where the second primary molar is hypomineralised. There is association between that and Molar hypomineralisation (MH)

Answer 302

1. Direct epihpyseal fracture of the mandible, single, closed 2. Indirect fracture of the RHD condular head Treatment for 1 - exposure of the fracture at site at the mandible and placement of direct plating of the fracture (ORIF) Treatment for 2 - intermaxillary fixation with use of arch bars to allow the condyle to heal if it is not displaced, comminuted or severely damage in other way. This will manage the occlusion. TMJ ficxation with direct bars may be possible. Remember: Soft food, and wire shut jaw for the next 3 months at least. After the surgery, patient needs to be observed until reasching 12 hour stability. Review 24 hours, a week, a month and 3 months after. If any complications occur, review. Remove arch bars when the condyle is healed. A period of physiotherapy might be needed.

Answer 303

1.Location 2.Margin – well-defined or illdefined 3.Zone of transition – short or long 4.Periosteal reaction 5.Internal matrix 6.Single vs multiple 7.Relationships to the joints 8.Effect on soft tissue

Answer 304

GBR involves the placement of a physical/biological barrier to ensure that the hard tissue deficiency becomes repopulated with bone.

Answer 305

Recruitment of immature cells and stimulation of these cells to develop into pre-osteoblast e.g. bone healing situations

Answer 306

It permits bone growth on surface or pores. This occurs in bone implants.

Answer 307

1. Block dentinal tubules - using restorations or protective coverings 2. Block nerve activity - stanous fluoride and potassium nitrate 3. Remove the cause - erosion and toothbrushing technique change

Answer 308

1. Site - using anatomical terminology 2. Size - measure with a probe 3. Morphology - elevated, flat or depressed 4. Colour - compare to adjacent normal tissue 5. Consistency - how it feels (ONLY CLINICAL DO NOT SAY THIS IN EXAM), texture - how the surface looks like (PHOTOS ARE APPROPRIATE :))

Answer 309

Amoxicillin 875 + clavulanate 125mg) orally, 12 hourly for 5 days

Answer 310

Paracetamol 1000mg 4-6 hourly for shortest duration possible

Answer 311

ibuprofen 400mg orally, 6-8 hourly for 5 days if pain persists please seek review with GP PLUS Paracetamol 1000mg orally 4-6 hourly to a maximum of 2g for the shortes duration possible PLUS oxycodone immediate-release 5mg orally, 4 to 6 hourly, for 3 days. PRESCRIBE small quantities

Answer 312

1. Prosthetic cardiac valve 2. prosthetic material for valve repair 3. previous infective endocarditis 4. Congenetive heart disease but only if it involved: unrepaired cyanotic residual defect and repaired defect with residual defects 5. Rheumatic heart disease

Answer 313

1. Emergency phase - e.g. exo 2. Systemic phase - e.g. control systemic diseases 3. Initial phase - e.g. testing and debridement 4. Surgical phase - regenerative surgery 5. Restorative phase - temporary crowns 6. Maintenance phase - depending on risk close recall or normal recall

Answer 314

1. Type of periodontal disease 2. Disease extent 3. Stage 4. Grade 5. Current disease status 6. Risk factor profile E.g. Periodontitis: generalized (65%), Stage III (CAL <10 mm), Grade C (HbA1c 8.9%), currently unstable (PPD <8mm, BOP 45%). Risk factors: uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c 8.9%), smoking 20 cig/day, high strss levels (change in work)

Answer 315

1. Lateral sliddding flap 2. Coronally repositioned flap 3. Free gingival flap 4. Subepithelial connective tissue graft

Answer 316

1. Initial colonisation of the periodontal pocket by Strep and Actinomyces species 2. Increase in the amount of biofilm causing a shift from aerobic to anerobic species 3. Initial sub-gingival build up biofilm occurs, initiation of immune response in form of PMN mobilisation for containment of infection 4. Cytokine releases in response of bacteria in form of IL-1, TNF-a and IL-6, resulting in amplification of inflammatory response 5. Production of MMPs (especially MMP 8 and 9) resultin in destruction of periodontal tissues. 6. Osteoclastic activation through RANKL from IL1 and TFN-a, resulting in alveolar bone loss 7. Reduction in alveolous anf soft tissue results in periodontal pocket 8. Diabtes and Smokign makes it worst through AGEs and immunomodulation

Answer 317

1. upper respiratory tract infection by Group A streptococcus 2. M protein is used by Strep As for bacterial virulance 3. Creation of antibodies for M proteins by leucocytes and eliminations of M proteins 4. M proteins have a molecular mimicry to cells of the endocardium 5. Body miounts a response to the cells of endocardium resulting is valve damage, valvale deformities, fibrosis and calcification 6. This makes a patient more predisposed to heart failure, artirial fibrilation and infective endocarditis

Answer 318

It is a condition where the predisposing factors such as: 1. Rheumatic heart disease 2. Prosthetic valves or use of prothetic material in repair of valves 3. Previous Endocarditis 4. Unrepairde cynotic defects 5. Repaired but residual cynotic defects 1. bacteremia - introduction of bacteria in the blood stream result in adherence of bacteria to the endocardium 2. Fomation of infective vegetations 3. Resulting in valve destruction, embolic events and heart failure

Answer 319

1. Patient has a right to be informed of what is happening to them 2. To minimise harm to the patient 3. We have a duty of care to the paitnet 4. To maintain trust in the dentist-patient relationship 5. To gian informed consent for any further treatment related to the incident 6. To prevent a recurrence of the incident to others 7. To possibly avoid formal complaint

Answer 320

Open disclosure is the process of providing an open, consistent approach to communicating with patients/consumers, their family, carer and/or support person following a patient incident. The process includes expressing regret or saying sorry.

Answer 321

I am sorry that this has happened to you.

Answer 322

If history of epilepsy or seisures is present - please use a bite block on the patient 1. Stop dental treatment 2. Ensure patient is not in danger 3. Turn the patient to the side 4. Avoid restrainning 5. Wait until seizure stops 6. Maintain airways 7. Assess the patient 8. If still unconscious, call 000 and maintain airways

Answer 323

Moist hear in the form of saturated steam under pressure in an air tigh vessel. Heat, steam, pressure and air tight vessel.

Answer 324

PREPARED: 1. Prepare for discussion 2. Relate to the person 3. Explore priorities 4. Provide information 5. Acknowldege emotions and concerns 6. Foster realistic hope 7. Encourage questions 8. Document TRIM: 1. Timing - correct amount and type of info - chunk the information 2. Relevance - what will help the patient connect to this info? - relate to patients perspective 3. Involvement - How can patient contribute? - offer suggestions and choices rather than directives 4. Method - Help patient understand and recall? - use visual methods of conveying - PANFLETS SPIKES Setting - Find a quite and private setting Perception - Estabslih how much the patient knows and his or her perceptions abut the medical situation Invitation or information - Ask the patient and significant other how much and what kind of information will be helpful Knowledge - Share bade news with the patient using gentle, nonclinical language is small segments Empathy - Acknowledge the patient's emotions and reaction with appropriate responses Summarise and strategise - summarise in language that the patient can understand. Ask the patient to repeat or summarise the information received and the next steps

Answer 325

1.Teeth present/missing 2.Morphology of teeth 3.Wear - mild, moderate, sever 4.Crowding,spacingrotations 5.Axail inclanations 6.Shape of dental arch 7.Cruve of spee and wilsons curve 8.Angle molar classification/canine classification 9.Overbite (%) / overjet (mm) 10.Mediolateral

Answer 326

1. Distance 2. Position 3. SHielding

Answer 327

1. Unnecessary artefacts i.e. the glasses - Results in unnecessary object being presented on the DPR, the glasses 2. Patient positioned forward - Anterior teeth blury and too small - spine sen on the film 3. Failure to position the tongue against the palate - large, dark, shadow over the maxillary teeth between palate and dorsum of tongue 4. Head is tilted to the side in the horizontal direction - condyles are not equal in height, nasal structure is distorted 5. Head is turned to one side - seems like the RHS was closer to the detector than LHS - resulting in LHS ramus appearing larger 6. Exposure factors have not been selected properly - the image appears to be blur overall 7. Chin down - the V shape - joker brain 8. Chin up - fraun

Answer 328

1. Before touching a patient 2. Before a procedure 3. After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk 4. After touching a patient 5. After touching a patient's surrounding

Answer 329

Ask, assess, acknowledge and address that can be used to adress a patient with dental anxiety

Answer 330

1. Stop 2. Place needle/sharp aside 3. Take off gloves 4. Wash hands with soap and water 5. Dry and cover with non-stick dressing 6. Apply pressure if bleeding 7. Let tutor know 8. Contact SADS registered nurse for risk assessment 9. Write up incident report - SLS

Answer 331

1. Ask - ask if they smoke 2. Assess - assess their stages of change 3. Advise - information is the key 4. Assist - discuss the benefits of quitting 5. Arrange - arrange for follow-up

Answer 332

1. Diastema closure 2. Alter shape, contour, position 3. Alter tooth color 4. Mask tooth surface anomalies

Answer 333

1. Mechanical – through interlocking with surface irregularities 2.Micromechanical – air abrasion or acid etching 3.Chemical bonding

Answer 334

1. Presentation of chief concers 2. Information collection - medical history, patietn history, clinical examiantion and special tests 3. Information collation 4. Development of a differential diagnosis - list most likely diagnoses and do specific test to eliminate potential diagnoses 5. Arrive to definitive diagnosis and commence treatment

Answer 335

1. Long-standing ulcers with no obvious cause 2. Indurated (hard) borders - PLEASE PALPATE 3. Deep ulcers with rolled borders 4. Ulcer that is fixed to underlying tissues - usually ulcers are mobile 5. Painless ulcer 6. Ulcers associated with lymphadenopathy - if there is a large swelling - EMERGENCY

Answer 336

A lichen Planus is a chronic inflammatory disorder of uknown etiology with characteristis relapses and remissions, displaying white reticular lesions, accompanied or not by atrophic, erosive and ulcerative and/or plaque type areas. Lesion are frequently bilaterally symmetrical. Desquamative gingivitis may be a feature.

Answer 337

1. Internal replacement 2. Invasive coronal 3. Invesive cervical

Answer 338

o EPL without root damage o EPL without root damage * Grade 1: narrow deep pocket band on 1 surface * Grade 2: Wide deep pocket band on 1 surface * Grade 3: Wide deep pocket band on 2 surfaces (eg true buccal and the entire mesial surface (MB+ML)

Answer 339

Absence of blood clot in the socket post extraction (socket is either empty or full of debris)

Answer 340

o Clean of debris (may need curettage) o Irrigate o Place dressing (Alveogyl) for symptom relief o +/- primary closure o Script of analgesics o Review in 2 weeks o NO antibiotic because it is not an infection

Answer 341

o Base line shade o Cause of discoloration (discoloured from haemorrhage, pulp necrosis) o Has the root been RCT? o Colour change is unpredictable, unstable in long term o May require retreatment o Multiple appt o Risk of external invasive resorption o Risk of soft tissue burn

Answer 342

1. Remove extrinsic staining o Prophy, U/S o Pt education re extrinsic staining 2. Pre-op shade 3. RD 4. Remove restoration but not stained dentine 5. Remove GP 1-2mm below CEJ 6. Place Cavit or GIC to seal GP from the orifice o At least 2mm of GIC or cavit 7. Etch pulp chamber, rinse and dry o Request DA to dispense bleaching material 8. Mix sodium perborate with water until u get a stiff paste consistency 9. Place bleach mix onto the labial surface of access cavity 10. Seal bleaching material w cotton pellet and seal w GIC or cavit 11. Repeat the above steps every 1wk until the desired colour is achieved 12. Once the shade is reached o Remove all bleaching material o Rinse thoroughly o Record post-op 13. Defer definitive restoration for 7d, o Enamel margin might be weakened -> bond strength may be compromised

Answer 343

8-12 weeks

Answer 344

o Portion of circumferential coronal dentine that the crown engages o How to get sufficient ferrule on compromised tooth? * Crown lengthening * Build up * Ortho-extrusion

Answer 345

o Heavy occlusal load o Aesthetics o Longevity o Mask discolouration

Answer 346

1. Ovate - great but needs surgery 2. Sanitary - with 2mm clearance - for posterior 3. Modified ridge-lap - great and go to

Answer 347

Management of avulsion with alveolar fracture First aid * Keep pt calm * Pick up the crown (not the root) * If the tth is dirty, o Rinse with milk/saline/pt saliva o If the dirt is tenacious, use a damp gauze to gently wipe the tooth * Replant immediately * Ask pt to bite on the gauze/ handkerchief/napkin to hold the tth in place * See dentist ASAP * If replantation is not possible, plant the tth in a storage medium ASAP to avoid dehydration of the PDL cells on the root surface, o Milk/ HBSS/pt saliva o Let pt hold it in their buccal sulcus (make sure to warn them not to swallow the tth o Water is a poor medium -> osmosis -> kill the cells. Better to leave in the air

Answer 348

o Anxious pt o Presence of exudate in the pulp chamber o Moisture control o Contact with metal restoration o Contact with gingiva o Vital tissues still present in the partially necrotic teeth or multi-rooted teeth

Answer 349

It is a branch of dentistry that manage pt who are adversely affected by their general health condition: o Complex Medical hx o Intellectual disability o Physical disability o Psychiatric disability o Geriatric pt Need a special methods or techniques to prevent or treat oral health + modify conventional tmt plan. Primary dental practitioners may not be able to manage these pt in the primary care setting o Liase w ppl giving consent o Liase w support worker Specifically tailored preventive and corrective tmt (tailored OHI and rational dental care). The need for special needs dentistry arose to address barriers faced by many individuals due to their special needs.

Answer 350

 Personal hygiene  Continence management  Dressing  Feeding  Moving

Answer 351

Purpose: The CPI is designed to: Identify individuals in a population with periodontal disease. Assess the severity of the disease. Monitor periodontal health trends over time at both community and global levels. Aid in planning public health initiatives related to oral care. Examination Protocol: The CPI uses a specially designed CPI probe (a periodontal probe with a 0.5 mm ball tip), marked at 3.5 and 5.5 mm for easy measurement. The mouth is divided into sextants (six sections): three in the maxilla and three in the mandible. In each sextant, only the worst periodontal condition is recorded, based on clinical indicators such as probing depth, calculus, and bleeding. CPI Codes and Scoring: Each sextant is scored with one of the following codes: Code 0: Healthy – No signs of periodontal disease. Code 1: Bleeding on probing – There is no calculus or periodontal pockets, but the gingiva bleed upon gentle probing. Code 2: Calculus detected – Presence of supragingival or subgingival calculus, but the probing depth is 3.5 mm or less. Code 3: Shallow pockets (4-5 mm) – Probing depth between 3.5 mm and 5.5 mm. Code 4: Deep pockets (≥6 mm) – Probing depth greater than 5.5 mm. Code X: Excluded sextant – Sextant not suitable for scoring (less than two teeth present in a sextant). Code 9: Not recorded – Missing data for the sextant. Interpretation: The highest score in each sextant is recorded, and the periodontal condition of the individual or population is assessed. Higher scores (Code 3 or 4) indicate more severe periodontal conditions, such as periodontal pockets, which require more complex treatment. Lower scores (Code 0 to 2) suggest healthier periodontal status or less severe conditions that might be managed with preventive care.

Answer 352

Tobacco use Alcohol consumption Poor diet Diabetes Medications Hormonal changes Obesity Stress Insufficient personal/oral hygiene

Answer 353

Anteriorly and laterally: The mandible Medially: The anterior belly of the digastric muscle Superiorly: The mylohyoid muscle Inferiorly: The hyoid bone Below and laterally: The skin, superficial fascia, platysma muscle, and superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia

Answer 354

1. Use gentle labial and lingual pressure digitally to reposition the alveolus 2. Sometimes using a foreceps might be useful 3. Take OPG or PA with tube shifting to determient he position of the bone

Answer 355

usually per kg of weight, you can inject 7mg of compound so for a 60 kg person 60x7 = 420 mg A carpule of 2.2mL of solution around 44mg of lignocaine 2%. So theoractically a max dose is around 420/44= 9.5 carpules or 9 carpules

Answer 356

It is a type of occlusal caries that can only be seen in radiographs and not clinically

Answer 357

1. General measures including weight loss, regular aerobic exercise, nasal decongestants, preventing sleeping in supine position & avoiding sedatives & alcohol near bedtime which can decrease muscular tone in pharynx which can increase collapsibility 2. Continuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP) to act as a pneumatic stent to create positive intraluminal pressure at all levels from nasal cavity to alveoli 3. Mandibular advancement device which mechanically increase volume of upper airway in retropalatal and retroglossal areas – may stretch TMJ and result in teeth/periodontium/Md &TMJ pain 4. Upper airway surgery using powell-riley protocol w/ 2 stage approach advocating surgical tx to specific regions of airway obstruction

Answer 358

Remember ePrescriptions are preferred 1. Patient's name, address and DOB 2. Name & address of practitioner, phone number, qualifications, AHPRA reg 3. Drug name – GENERIC 4. Drug form – e.g. tablets 5. Drug strength- e.g 15 mg 6. Drug quantity in pills (word, symbol e.g Ten,10) 7. Dose & frequency of administration 8. Duration of days 9. Instruction clearly 10. Write (For dental treatment only) 11. A line to signify no other prescriptions 12. Signature of prescriber 13. Date of prescription 14. Signature 15. PBS number for prescribers

Answer 359

Prerprocedural checks Chief concern and history taking Taking the PA Consultation with the patient and tutor EPI calculation Procedural Step 1: Initial acess Apply anaesthetic and isolate the appropriate tooth using single clamp Using a high speed, end cutting bur such as 838 to gain initial access to the pulp chamber – always refer back to the PA Switch to the non-end cutting endo-z bur in order to expand the access cavity Use endoprobe to locate the canal Pre-curve size 10 file and insert it a few mm into the canal Take a PA Irrigate the canal with a pre-bent hypochlore 1% Step 2: Expansion of the coronal aspect Using size 2 and 3 gate glitten bur, brush it a few mm into the canal coronally to expand the access Irrigate Step 3: Working length determination Determine the working length using electronic apex locator, attach the device, advance to 1mm away from apex and have a good refrence point, take a PA to confirm When confirmed chart as correct working length Irrigate Step 4: Pre-cruve files and set them to the correct working length Starting with the smallest file (size 10) instrument using clokc winding technique Irrigate Ensure canal is very loose for the smallest file – move to file that is 1 size larger Irrigate and recapitulate and irrigate again Ensure canal is very loose for the size up file – move to the file that is 1 size larger Continue until you reach file 30 – take a PA of master apical file at 25 to confirm Step 5: Step back Pre-cruve file 30 and 35, set to correct working length Create a stepback of 1mm with file 30 Irrigate Create a stepback of 2mm with file 35 Irrigate Step 6: Medicaments Use calcium hydroxide for non-symptomatic and odontopaste for symptomatic Apply using a file or a lentulo spiral at low rpm Step 7. Interim restoration 1. Put a nice layer of cavit in the pulp chamber – use a small cotton pallet with water to engae it Use RMGIC to restore – check occlusion and recall the patient in 4 weeks

Answer 360

1.Pulp and root canal condition – necrotic pulp/irreversible pulpitis 2.Periapical status – chronic/acute apical periodontitis evident radiographically

Answer 361

1.Strategic value of the tooth 2.Periodontal factor – if the tooth is grade III mobility what si the point of endodontically treating it? 3.Patient factors – MHx, motivation, age, compliance with treatments 4.Restorability options – consider the entire mouth

Answer 362

One or two of the following: 1. ASA class 3 patient 2. Vasoconstrictors intolerance 3. Anxiety 4. Limitation in opening 5. Gagging 6. Moderate pain or swelling 7. extensive differential diagnosis 8. Difficulty in obtaining radiographs 9. 1st molar 10. Moderate inclination - 10-30 degress 11. Soem trouble with rubber dam 12. Coronal distruction or complex restoration 13. Canal morphology is slightly more complex 14. Pulp stones 15. 3-5 mm near the IAN 16. Minimal apical resorption 17. Crown fracture 18. Previous access without complications 19. Endo-perio lesion

Answer 363

3 or more in moderate difficulty and at least one in the high diffuculty such as? 1. ASA 4 2. Can't get anaesthesia 3. Uncooperative 4. Significant limitation in opening 5. Extreme gaggin 6. Sever pain 7. History of orofacial pain 8.2nd or 3rd molar 9. Extreme inclanation 10. Extreme rotation 11. Significant deviation from normal tooth/root form 12. C-shape morphology, extreme curvature or S-shape curve, rare root morphology, very long teeth 13. Pulp chaber not visible 14. extremly close to IAN (<3mm) 15. Extreme resopriton 14. Root fractures 15. Previous endo

Answer 364

1.Poor – segment separation, crack crossing pulpal floor, periodontal pocketing at fracture line, damaging habits not amenable to change 2.Guarded – crack extends to the floor of the pulp chamber 3.Good – crack into roof of the pulp chamber, does not reach pulpal floor

Answer 365

1.Primary endo – secondary perio – drainage through sulcus – treatment: root canal 2.Primary perio – secondary endo – treatment: non-surgical periodontal therapy, control of local factors, control of systemic facots and endo-treatment if needed 3.True combined lesion – primary endo treatment then perio then finish treatment with obturation, also remedicate canal if periodontal treatment is not finished

Answer 366

1.Periapical curettage 2.Apicectomy 3.Retrograde endodontic treatment

Answer 367

1.Presen of disease after treamenet/re-treatment 2.Re-treatment not viable 3.Adjunct to re-treatment – re-treatment and surgery 4.Preservation of adequate coronal restoration 5.Costs

Answer 368

1.A true cyst – a cyst that does not communicate with the root canal and will not heal following treatment by endodontics only – this can only be determined retrospectivley AND NOT RADIOGRAPHICALLY 2.A pocket cyst – a cyst with communication with the root canal and can be healed after endodontic treatment – this can only be determined retrospectively AND NOT RADIOGRAPHICALLY

Answer 369

1.Incision at the gingiva – submarginal or full thickness flap 2.Periosteal elevator to raise the flap 3.Retract the flap with retractor 4.Osteotomy using a round or flat fissure bur to create a window in bone to access the lesion 5.Endo-curette is use to remove the soft tissues of the lesion and resection is performed 6.Micro-mirrors are used to observe the resected root 7.Preparation of the root end with ultrasonic tip 8.Use haemostatic agent to control contamination of prepare root end tip 9.MTA is used with sterile water and inserted to the root end 10.Suturing is performed

Answer 370

1.Iatrogenic perforation 2.Patency at apical terminus 3.Extrusion of root fillings

Answer 371

1.Loss of working length – BLOCKAGE – AMALGAM CAN FALL INSIDE 2.Ledging – larger the file, more likely it is to create a ledge because thick mettal bends less 3.Instrument separation (fracture) - common in rotary – always let the patient know and let the specialist know 4.Zipping/elbows - creation of triangle shape ledge at terminus of the canal 5.Stripping or lateral wall perforation – remember, the biggest bulge of dentine in the canal is on the corresponding site to the name I.e. buccal buldge is in the buccal canal 6.Shaping the canal beyond terminus 7.Excessive removal of root canal dentine – peri-cervical dentine is essential to prevent vertical root fractures 8.Failure to clean the canal properly – self explanatory, basically missed the goal

Answer 372

1.Continuous rotation – put the file while rotating – do not start the file if it is engaged 2.Pecking motion 3.Cown-down 4.Glide path 5.Do not increase in apical direction

Answer 373

1. Sodium perborate – in SADS – available in powder form 2. Hydrogen peroxied – can burn tissues 3. Carbamide peroxide – ususally used for external bleaching

Answer 374

1.Patient need to be elidgible – no EMERINT PROSGENINT OR EMERREPAIR COCs 2.Consent – multiple appoitments, replacemen of restoration, upredictable, not stable and retreatment may be possible. Cervical resorption may occur 3.Titanium – 117- application of internal bleaching, 990-subsequent application of internal bleaching 4.Remove extrinsic staining 5.Record pre-op shade 6.Rubber dam 7.Remove restorative mamterial from access cavity, keep stained dentine 8.Remove endodontic filling 1-2mm below CEJ 9.Seal the access to the endodontic filling wit 2mm of GIC or cavit 10.Etch pulp chamber, rinse and dry 11.Mix sodium perborate with water until stiff paste is formed 12.Place into the labila surface of the access cavity 13.Cover the bleach with cotton pellet and seal with cavit or GIC 14.Repeate steps of bleaching every 7 days untile desired colour is achieved 15.Remove all bleaching material an rinse throughly 16.Record post-op shade 17.No definite resoration for 7 days because enamel might have been weakened

Answer 375

1. Before touching a patient 2. Before a procedure 3. After a procedure or body fluid exposure 4. After touching a patient 5. After touching a patient surroundings

Answer 376

Standard precautions are used to prevent or reduce the likelihood of transmission of infectious agents from one person or place to another, and to render and maintain objects and areas as free as possible from infectious agents. Minimizing the risk of transmission.

Answer 377

1. Hand hygiene, as consistent with 5 moments for hand hygiene 2. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment 3. Safe use and disposal of sharps 4. Routine environmental cleaning 5. Reprocessing of reusable medical equipment and instruments 6. Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette 7. Aseptic technique – standard or surgical technique 8. Waste management 9. Appropriate handling of linen

Answer 378

1. Contact 2. Droplet 3. Airborne

Answer 379

To reduce transmission opportunities that may arise due to the specific route of transmission of particular pathogen.

Answer 380

It is a classification of instruments depending on their level of causing infection during their use, example is: 1. Critical – using a perio-probe for surgical procedures – anything that pierces the mucosa must be sterilized and recorded (ideally) 2. Semi-critical – single use items such as micro-brushes or curing light with a sleeve – you need to clean it but you might not need to sterilize it 3. Non-critical – example is bib chains – they come in contact with intact ski

Answer 381

1. Pre-cleaning at the chairside 2. Mechanical cleaning using ultrasonic 3. Manual cleaning using of professional cleaning machines 4. Thermal disinfection 5. Thermal disinfection using washer-disinfection 6. Inspection 7. Choice of packaging material and sealing of packages 8. Labelling packages of reuseable medical devices 9. Run a Bowie-Dick type tests for air removal and steam

Answer 382

Class 6 – measuring time, steam and temperature. Class 1 – not great because it only shows temperature. Class 4 – used in SAD

Answer 383

Type 1 is known as process indicators. It is used on every pack in every load or on a tray of every unpacked load. It helps to distunguish between processed and unprocessed loads. Diasdvantage: may react at a point of sterilisation that is below the point of adequate sterilisation.

Answer 384

Type 2 are specific test indicators designed to show air removal and rapid or even steam penetration. Disadvantage: may react at a point of sterilisation that is below the point of adequate sterilisation.

Answer 385

Type 4 are 2 process parasmter indicator. they react to two seperate processes of the sterilisation cycle such as temperature and pressure. Disadvantage: If one of the processes fail, the indicator will not be able to show it. Thus, either of the two components have failed or both of them have failed. This can create confusion and hinder the resolution of the sterilisation machine problem.

Answer 386

Integrating indicators whouse time, temperature and pressure. Provide the same amount as a biological indicator, mimicking the conditons require to destroy biological organisms. Disadvantage: If one of the processes fail, the indicator will not be able to show it. Thus, either of the two components have failed or both of them have failed. This can create confusion and hinder the resolution of the sterilisation machine problem.

Answer 387

Indicators that emulates the critical conditions for sterilization. E.g. 134 degrees for 3.5 minutes. GOLD STANDARD. Disadvantage: If one of the processes fail, the indicator will not be able to show it. Thus, either of the two components have failed or both of them have failed. This can create confusion and hinder the resolution of the sterilisation machine problem.

Answer 388

1. Respectful and non-judgmental communication 2. Emotional safety 3. Trust and providing opportunity for choice and collaboration 4. Empowernment 5. Respect for diversity

Answer 389

1. Alzheimer's disease 2. Vascular dimentia 3. Younger onset dementia 4. Lewy body dementia 5. Frontotemporal dementia 6. Alcohol-related brain injury 7. HIV-associated dementia 8. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy dementia 9. Down synderome associated dementia 10. Childhood dementiasings and symptoms of dementia

Answer 390

1. Poor or decreased judment 2. Frequent memory loss 3. problems with abstract thinking 4. Problems with language 5. Loss of initiative 6. Mispalcign things 7. Difficulty performing familiar tasks 8. Changes in personality 9. Disorientation with time and place 10. Changes in mood

Answer 391

An exposure prone procedure (EPP) is a type of medical or dental procedure where there is a risk of injury to the healthcare worker, which could result in their blood contaminating a patient’s open tissues, particularly during invasive procedures. These procedures typically involve: Close proximity between the healthcare worker’s hands and sharp instruments, needles, or bone fragments. The possibility that the healthcare worker’s hands (even if gloved) are inside a patient’s body cavity, wound, or confined anatomical space. A situation where an injury to the worker could go unnoticed, allowing for the transmission of bloodborne viruses like HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), or hepatitis C (HCV) from the healthcare worker to the patient.

Answer 392

CAL - 1-2mm Radiographic Bone Loss - upto 15% Tooth loss - no tooth loss Max prob depth of less than or equal to 4 mm

Answer 393

CAL - 3-4mm Radiographic Bone Loss - 15-33% Tooth loss - no tooth loss Max probing depth equal or below 5mm

Answer 394

CAL - equal or above 5mm Radiographic bone loss extending to the to middle or apical third of the root Tooth loss - equal or below 4 teeth Probing depths - more or equal to 6mm Vertical bone loss Furcation involvement of Class II or Class III

Answer 395

CAL - equal or above 5mm Radiographic bone loss extending to the to middle or apical third of the root Tooth loss - equal or above 5 teeth Probing depths - more or equal to 6mm Vertical bone loss Furcation involvement of Class II or Class III + Secondary occlusal trauma, masticatory dysfunction, bite collapse, less than 20 remaining teeth

Answer 396

Benefits: aesthetics, preservation of OVD Limitations: Unpredictable, painful, number of appointment and cost

Answer 397

Aesthetic reasons Functional reasons Convivence taking occlusal record Mandatory requirements – caries and perio free on abudment teeth Material of choice: acrylic

Answer 398

Patient on bisphosphonate/blood thinner medications Any contraindication for extraction

Answer 399

First you need to extract the posterio teeth and give a few months for healing and boney remodeling. Anterior teeth will be extracted before denture insert

Answer 400

Consult pateitn, primary impressions Stabilisation fo conditions Scondayr impressions Bite registration Trial denture Extraction and insert Reviews (24 hours, one week, one month. 6 months) Reline (temporary at 4 weeks, 3months with Coe Soft (751/752) and permanent at 6 months (must book with lab))

Answer 401

Splint them

Answer 402

You need to extract it and recall the patient in 3 months

Answer 403

Broken/cracked denture base Broken/lost clasp Chipped/broken/debonded denture tooth/teeth Broken rest

Answer 404

When you have a broken acrylic base or broken clasp

Answer 405

Debonded teeth or fractured or chipped tooth

Answer 406

Book with lab 9am – send denture to lab with alginate 4pm insert the denture or if cobal chrome allow 3 days if you need mollopalst reline, allow 24 hours Review in 1 week

Answer 407

You can use CCA stopper or a wax compound + border molding + taking impression of upper and lower dentures with Upper first. So the wax compound needs to increase the OVD and ned reline will ensure that soft tissue retention and supprot can be achieved. Always use adhesive

Answer 408

1. Denture consult + primary impression 2. Secondary impression 3. Bite registration + shade and mould selection 4. Denture tyr in 5. Denture insert 6. Review

Answer 409

From the tip of the nose to the tip of the chin

Answer 410

1. Check on cast 2. Fit dentures check esthetics, pronounciation, occlusion and occlusion plane, lip support, profile and adjust as required 3. Show patient

Answer 411

1. Patient is happy with aesthetics and functions of their current denture 2. Patient wants a spare denture 3. Copy denture will be very similar to the original denture

Answer 412

No absolute contra-indications but if denture is inadequate in any aspect - no copy denture

Answer 413

1. To make a new denture when existing denture is too old 2. To make a new denture when existing denture is inadequate in aestheticcs

Answer 414

1. Too many variables of the existing denture needs to be modified 2. Sever issues with occlusion of existing dentures

Answer 415

1. Confirm with patient what aspects to be maintained/improved 2. Remove undercuts on fitting surface to ensure 2m impression thickness. Extend periphery with border molding. Apply impressiona dhesive on fitting surface one denture at a time. Take a wash impression one denture at a time. Take bite registration with exabite. 3. Rest of steps like try in and insert as per convetional denture