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pharm > exam 1 portion 1 on antibiotics > Flashcards

exam 1 portion 1 on antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

beta-lactamase

A

enzyme produced by bacteria that attacks the beta-lactam ring rendering the drug ineffective and leading to resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics

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2
Q

cross-allerginicity

A

allergy to a drug of another class with a similar chemical structure

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3
Q

superinfection (suprainfection)

A

infection after a previous infection; typically caused by microorganisms that are resistant to the antibiotics used previously

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4
Q

bactericidal

A

agent that kills bacterial cell walls

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5
Q

bacteriostatic

A

agent that inhibits bacterial growth and replication

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6
Q

broad spectrum

A

effective against a wide range of bacteria

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7
Q

antibiotic self administration teaching

A

-take the antimicrobial drugs at evenly spaced intervals
-ask dr if the antimicrobial drug can be taken with food
-be sure to take the antimicrobial drug with a full glass of water

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8
Q

bactericidal antibiotics

A

penicillin
cephalosporin
carbapenems
monobactams

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9
Q

what does penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenems, and cell wall synthesis inhibitors do to the bacteria

A

-it destroys the bacteria by weakening the cell walls
-it is considered a beta-lactam antibiotic

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10
Q

penicillin treats what kind of bacterial infections?

A

gram positive cocci such as: pneumonia, meningitis, infectious endocarditis, pharyngitis, and syphilis

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11
Q

______can be used as a preventative measure in patients who are at risk for bacterial endocarditis during ________ procedures

A

penicillin; dental or other procedures

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12
Q

penicillin adverse effects

A

allergies/anaphylaxis
renal impairment
hyperkalemia
hypernatremia
dysrhythmias
GI distress

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13
Q

what is penicillin G potassium

A

a narrow spectrum form of penicillin that is given IM or IV

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14
Q

penicillin administration

A

IM, IV, oral

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15
Q

penicillin precautions

A

clients allergic to one penicillin are cross allergic to other penicillins and they are at risk for cross sensitivity to cephalosporins and carbapenems

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16
Q

what are 3 broad spectrum kinds of penicillin and how are they administered

A
  1. amoxicillin for PO use
  2. amoxicillin for PO or IV use
  3. amoxicillin-clavulanate for PO use
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17
Q

patient teaching regarding penicillin

A

-report any findings of an allergic reaction
-take all of the medication
-use additional contraceptive methods

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18
Q

nursing actions regarding penicillin

A

observe for allergic reactions

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19
Q

explain the 5 generations of cephalosporin (1 sentence)

A

the further generations down you go the better you will get

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20
Q

1st generation of cephalosporin

A

cefazolin for IM or IV use

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21
Q

2nd generation of cephalosporin

A

cefilector & cefotetan, for PO use

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22
Q

3rd generation of cephalosporin

A

ceftriaxone & cefotaxime, for IM or IV use

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23
Q

4th generation of cephalosporin

A

cefepime for IM or IV use

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24
Q

5th generation of cephalosporin

A

ceftaroline for IV use–this is the only cephalosporin that is effective against MRSA

25
Q

how is cephalosporin administered

A

IV (as a diluent)
IM (in the ventrogluteal, explain there will be pain at the site)

26
Q

cephalosporin adverse effects

A

bleeding, renal insufficiency, thrombophlebitis with IV infusion, allergy (possible cross-sensitivity to penicillin)

27
Q

cephalosporin can be given for

A

surgical prophylaxis (problems)

28
Q

what is something to note the function of before giving cephalosporin

A

-make sure the liver and kidneys are functional because they eliminate the medication
-if patient is on anticoagulants or has renal impairment be cautious with the medication

29
Q

as a nurse if you notice the patient is experiencing bleeding or delays in clotting while on cephalosporin what should you do

A

discontinue the medication, administer parenteral vitamin k

30
Q

carbapenems are given for what infections

A

pneumonia, peritonitis, UTI

31
Q

carbapenems adverse effects

A

allergy, possible cross sensitivity to penicillin and cephalosporin, GI upset, and superinfection

32
Q

cell wall synthesis inhibitors treats

A

MRSA, staphylococcus epidermis, and streptococcal infections, can treat c. diff

33
Q

what is the preferred treatment of c. diff

A

metronidazole

34
Q

cell wall synthesis inhibitors adverse effects

A

renal toxicity
ototoxicity
infusion reaction– red man syndrome, rashes, itching, flushing, tachycardia, hypotension

35
Q

vancomycin inhibits?

A

cell wall synthesis

36
Q

vancomycin administration and where is it commonly used

A

PO, IV, rectal (commonly used in hospitals)

37
Q

when administering vancomycin how fast/slow do you administer it

A

vancomycin is administered slowly over 60 minutes

38
Q

what levels should you monitor after administering vancomycin

A

monitor vancomycin trough levels routinely after the blood levels have reached a steady state

39
Q

nursing actions for a patient on vancomycin

A

-assess for hearing loss
-dilute medication according to pharmacy instructions
-rotate injection sites
-monitor I & O and kidney function

40
Q

antibiotics that affect protein synthesis (3)

A

bacteriostatic (tetracyclines & macrolides) or bactericidal (aminoglycosides)

41
Q

tetracycline adverse effects

A

tooth discoloration
hepatotoxicity (jaundice & lethargy)
photosensitivity (intense sunburn)
superinfection

42
Q

tetracycline patient teaching

A

-wear protective clothing and sunscreen
-take with meals to decrease GI upset even though it decreases absorption
-complete all the antibiotics
-use extra contraception
-if this med is given for an STD abstain from sexual activity until the antibiotic is finished, no more symptoms, and partner has been tested/treated

43
Q

what kind of things does tetracycline treat

A

-Rocky Mountain spotted fever
-infections of the urethra or cervix due to Chlamydia trachomatis
-pneumonia
-lyme disease
-anthrax

44
Q

tetracycline contraindications/precautions

A

-pregnancy risk category D
-should not be given to children under 8
-taking tetracycline after 4 months of pregnancy can stain baby’s teeth
-child taking tetracycline from 4mo-8 years can stain their permanent teeth

45
Q

what are two other kinds of tetracycline antibiotics

A

doxycycline & minocycline

46
Q

what kind of things does macrolide treat

A

-fever and bacterial endocarditis if they have an allergy to penicillin
-Legionnaires’ disease, pertussis, and acute diphtheria
-pneumonia, chlamydia, and streptococcal infections

47
Q

macrolide adverse effects

A

-GI discomfort
-prolonged QT intervals

48
Q

the nurse should carefully monitor what in patients who are on macrolides

A

monitor the INR (avg time for blood to clot) of clients who take coumadin (warfarin)

49
Q

macrolide contraindications/precautions

A

-pregnancy risk category B
-liver disease and QT interval prolongation

50
Q

another medication in the macrolide category

A

azithromycin

51
Q

gentamicin treats

A

-Gram negative bacilli like E. coli
-intestinal amebiasis and tapeworm infections

52
Q

gentamicin adverse effects

A

-ototoxicity (hearing loss, loss of balance)
-nephrotoxicity

53
Q

gentamicin administration

A

once a day dosing
divided doses IM or IV

54
Q

gentamicin contraindications/precautions

A

use with caution in patients with kidney impairment, hearing loss, and myasthenia gravis

55
Q

another med associated with gentamicin

A

tobramycin

56
Q

gentamicin patient teaching

A

notify the doctor if you are experiencing hearing loss, tinnitus, or headaches occur

57
Q

as the nurse what should you do/monitor with a patient on gentamicin

A

hearing tests
monitor for hearing loss, tinnitus, headaches, vertigo, nausea, or dizziness

58
Q

sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and nitrofurantoin treat

A

UTI

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