Exam 1 - Periods Flashcards
Natufian
Beginnings of sedentism & domestication of animals. More material culture. Architecture. Varied diet. Lithics, bones, and shells. First settled sites were circular dwellings in groups. Burials within villages. Decorations in the form of geometric motifs
Pottery Neolithic A
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Pottery Neolithic B
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Acheulian
Stone tool manufacture characterized by distinctive oval and pear shaped hand axes
Pre Pottery Neolithic A
Circular dwellings. Mud Bricks public buildings. Villages 100m to 2.5 hectares. Caves. Obsidian trades from Anatolia. Cereals eaten, Irrigation started, limited herding/husbandry
Pre Pottery Neolithic B
People began to use domesticated animals to supplement diet. Flint tool kit first used. Rectangular buildings start to appear. Plaster floors become standard. The use of clay plaster led to the discovery of pottery.
Pleistocene
A geochronological division of geological time, an epoch of the Quaternary period following the Pliocene. During the Pleistocene, large areas of the northern hemisphere were covered with ice and there were successive glacial advances and retreats. The Lower Pleistocene began c 1.8 million years ago, the Middle Pleistocene c 730,000 years ago, and the Upper Pleistocene c 127,000 years ago; it ended about 10,000 years ago. Most present-day mammals appeared during the Pleistocene. The onset of the Pleistocene was marked by an increasingly cold climate, by the appearance of Calabrian mollusca and Villafranchian fauna with elephant, ox, and horse species, and by changes in foraminifera. The oldest form of man had evolved by the Early Pleistocene (Australopithecus), and in archaeological terms the cultures classed as Palaeolithic all fall within this period. By the mid-Pleistocene, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and Europe. Homo sapiens spread to Asia and the Americas before the end of the epoch. There were mass extinctions of large and small fauna during the Pleistocene. In North America more than 30 genera of large mammals became extinct within a span of roughly 2,000 years during the late Pleistocene. Of the many causes that have been proposed by scientists for these faunal extinctions, the two most likely are changing environment with changing climate, and the disruption of the ecological pattern by early humans. The Pleistocene was succeeded by the Holocene or present epoch.
Mousterian
Middle stone age method of making stone tools.
Yamrmukian
Dominated by the manufacture of pottery. Used for domestic use.
Wadi Raba
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Holocene
Marked by rising temperatures througout the world and the retreat of ice sheets.
Chalcolithic
“Copper Stone Age” Individualization of culture. Villaeg Life. Copper used for tools and art…broad use of tech
Pre-World War 1
Began with WIlliam Petrie, first peron to use straitgraphy. First site to use concept was Tell el-Hesi. Used pottery to establish chronology.
Inner War Years
“Golden Age of Biblical Archaeology”. Systematic scientific approach was used. WF Albright was most influential in this period. He promoted comparative study of pottery and stratigraphy. Integrated archaeological fieldwork with biblical research, historical geography, and Near Eastern studies.
1948-1970
Archaeology in Palestine increased. Wheeler-Kenyon method of excavation started. This method was based on digging in smaller squares within a grid leaving intervening bulks to enable one to see debris.
